Economics – Page 2

Richard Wolff’s Trajectory beyond MMT into SMR

Introduction

Recently I watched two episodes of the progressive Thom Hartmann Program in which the host discussed banking and Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) with the Marxist economist Richard Wolff [1, 2]. Following are the pertinent points I came away with, which developed into a little article, in which I will try to make the case that, when Wolff found in MMT the correct theory of banking and money, he actually went beyond MMT. He did so by discerning some of the theory’s obvious policy implications, which people promoting Sovereign Monetary Reform (SMR)–which is a competing monetary theory focused on a radical reform of the monetary system–would heartily agree with.

Many persons in the comments section stated that both Hartmann and Wolff did not really understand MMT. For example the most stinging (pun intended) came from John B, commenting that

Prof Wolff knows very little about MMT or the functional operation of the banking system. As an academic, he should be conscious that one should not talk ‘authoritatively’ on a specialty discipline that one has not adequately researched[2].

This lack of understanding might be a surprise because both Wolff and Hartmann have had encounters with one of MMT’s spokespersons, Stephanie Kelton, and I assume that they have read some relevant literature.

Where Wolff is Right

Maybe it is most fair to say that Wolff’s understanding of MMT is half wrong and half right. He is right to state that, in order to originate loans, “banks do not depend on other people’s money”[2]. Banks can just credit the deposit account of their client when they sign up for a loan. This is basically the credit creation theory of money and banking. Its truth is now admitted by central banks like the Bank of England [3] and empirically tested by the economist and central banking expert Richard Werner [4].

He is also right in the idea that the government can fine-tune the economy by increasing and decreasing the supply of money in circulation. This idea goes back to the theory of “functional finance” pioneered by Abba Lerner [5] and incorporated by MMT [6].

He also thinks that when government can create its own money it can drastically decrease its debt burden. He also correctly observed that leaving the money supply “in the hands of people who look at it as a source of private profit is a recipe for the disasters”[2] of the 2007/8 Global Financial Crisis which necessitated massive government bail-outs.

On all these points there is quite some agreement between the experts, MMT and the sovereign money reformers like Dr. Joseph Huber, Dr. Patricio Laina and the good folks at organizations like the American Monetary Institute (AMI), The Alliance for Just Money (AFJM) and the International Movement for Monetary Reform (IMMR).

Where Wolff is Wrong

Wollf is mistaken though when he ascribes to MMT the position that it is wrong to leave the power of money creation with banks and have that power transferred back to the government to put it under democratic control. The position of MMT is to leave the privilege of bank credit creation with the banks, while it assumes that the government already has the power to create money, unrestricted by any funding through taxation or selling bonds.

People promoting SMR will agree with Wolff that the money creation power should be transferred from the banks to the government. In the USA there exists a bill, the NEED Act, exactly proposing that [7]. And SMR disagrees with MMT’s position that taxes and bonds do not finance government spending and that government can just spend money under the existing rules and laws [8].

The Conflation and Confusion of Theories

The three main theories on money and banking all came into play in these conversations between Hartmann and Wolff, but were not sufficiently differentiated and separately evaluated. Hartmann, with his example of a $1m deposit becoming the basis to create $10m extra in loans seems to conflate the credit creation theory and the deposit multiplier theory. The credit creation theory basically says that bank credit money can be created out of nothing and that, at the end of the day, reserve requirements will be easily provided by the central bank. What drives the loan creation process is the demand for loans coupled to the banks’ evaluation of their profitability. Apparently the supply of money is not an issue.

The deposit multiplier theory posits a tight correlation between reserve requirements and the money supply. The often used example is from a 1961 FRB of Chicago publication in which an initial deposit of $10,000 and a reserve requirement of 10% can theoretically balloon into $90,000 in loans and investments. This happens when, in multiple stages, the bank loans out 90% of its deposit ($9,000), which will find its way first into the bank account of the borrower and from there into the account of the entity providing the merchandise or service for which purpose the loan was originated. The bank holding the second account in question can then originate a loan of $8,100, being the 90% allowed of the $9,000 deposit. This process can then be duplicated multiple times [11].

What Hartmann thinks is that a bank can just create $10m out of nothing based on a $1m deposit and an implied 10% reserve acquirement. This unrealistic scenario is not covered by any of these theories and looks more like a conflation of the credit creation theory and the deposit multiplier theory.

Wolff then corrects Hartmann with explaining the old and discredited financial intermediation theory of banking according to which banks make their profit by lending out money for a higher interest rate than they themselves pay to attract depositors. In this theory banks do not create nor multiply the money supply and merely mediate between those who have money to lend and those who desire money to borrow.

From MMT to SMR

Interestingly Wolff made these comments in the April 11, 2019 Hartmann program on the banking system and took them back again in the May 2, 2019 program on MMT. In the second program he first again explained the financial intermediation theory with the narration that first the money supply is created by the Federal Reserve and then banks can lend most of this money out again. Then, by explaining MMT’s research on how banks really operate, he switched to the credit creation theory as the correct one.

When a bank issues a loan nowadays, all that it does is create an account for the recipient of the loan and then the bank deposits into that account the amount of money that they had lend to the borrower. In other words, the bank is not dependent on other people putting deposits in . . . [2].

It looks like that Wolff had done some homework on MMT and was converted from the refuted financial intermediation theory to the credit creation theory. At the same time he did some suplemental thinking or reading over and beyond MMT, because he incorrectly projects behind MMT “the critical impulse” that “we should never have and we should not now put the control of the money supply so utterly into the hands of the banks” and mistakenly thinks that therefore MMT proposes that “we should have the creation of money brought back under the complete control of the government”. I am not sure where he might have found these ideas, but they are positions SMR is promoting and to which MMT is actually explicitly hostile to [9].

Conclusion

In short, the SMR crowd should be elated that Wolff, after learning some MMT and thereby switching from the old financial intermediation to the correct credit creation theory, apparently went beyond MMT by thinking through the policy implications of the credit creation theory and thereby arrived at a position with which SMR is quite in agreement, i.e. “we should have the creation of money brought back under the complete control of the government”.

This position might have been foreshadowed in Wolff’s book Capitalism’s Crisis Deepens in which he made the statement that to “ignore alternatives to private megabanks condemns us all to longer lasting, more socially costly, and recurring crises”[10].

Govert Schuller
Naperville, May 19, 2019

Sources

[1]. “Richard Wolff Explains How the Hell our Banking System was Put Together“. YouTube. Uploaded by Thom Hartmann Program, 11 April 2019.

[2]. “The Truth About Modern Monetary Theory (w/ Richard Wolff)“. YouTube. Uploaded by Thom Hartmann Program, 2 May 2019.

[3]. McLeay, Michael & Radia, Amar & Thomas, Ryland. 2014a. “Money Creation in the Modern Economy”. Monetary Analysis Directorate. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin (Q1, 2014): 14-27.

[4]. Werner, Richard A. 2016. “A lost century in economics: Three theories of banking and the conclusive evidence”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 46 (July 2016): 361-379.

[5]. Lerner, Abba P. 1943. “Functional Finance and the Federal Debt“. Social Research, 10/1 (Feb): 38-5.

[6]. Bell [Kelton], Stephanie. 2000 “Do Taxes and Bonds Finance Government Spending?” Journal of Economic Issues, 34/3: 603-620.

[7]. H.R.2990 – National Emergency Employment Defense Act of 2011 (NEED Act). 112th US Congress (2011-2012).

[8]. Huber, Joseph. 2019a. “Modern Money Theory revisited – still the same false promise“. Sovereign Money, March 2019. Also here.

[9]. Mitchell, William. 2019. “The conga line of MMT critics – marching into oblivion“. Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory. 7 March 2019.

[10]. Wolff, Richard. 2016. Capitalism’s Crisis Deepens: Essays on the Global Economic Meltdown 2010-2014. Chicago: Haymarket Books. Page 117.

[11]. Nichols, Dorothy M. & Gonczy, Anne Marie L. 1961-1994. “Modern Money Mechanics: A Workbook on Bank Reserves and Deposit Expansion”. Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.

On Money: Postal Financial Services

The social democratic wing of the US Democratic Party is floating two important proposals: 1) provide financial services through the wide network of postal offices to the so-called ‘unbanked and underbanked’ population; and 2) cap interest rates at 15% [6].

Both proposals have connections with monetary reform. The Kucinich NEED Act caps interest rates at 8% and also stipulates that the total interest payments on a loan cannot exceed the principle amount (Section 502)[1].

The idea of extending financial services through the postal system is not only a long-established idea but has been practiced, and is still practiced, in many countries [2]. In European MR circles this proposal is re-activated, but then in connection to the introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) as a measure to insure financial stability and a step towards full monetary reform [3].

The other important aspect of postal banking is to make financial services more accessible and less predatory. Many reporters and writers like Ellen Brown [4] quote from a 2001 UN discussion paper the following idea:

The essential characteristic distinguishing postal financial services from the private banking sector is the obligation and capacity of the postal system to serve the entire spectrum of the national population, unlike conventional private banks which allocate their institutional resources to service the sectors of the population they deem most profitable[5].

For the sake of social justice and economic equality the ideas of capping interest rates and providing banking services through the postal system should stay on our radar.

[1]. Zarlenga, Stephen A. 2014. “Presenting the American Monetary Reform Manual”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

[2]. d’Alcantara, Gonzales, Paul H. Dembinski, and Odile Pilley. 2014. “Postal financial services, development and inclusion: Building on the past and looking to the future”. Université de Fribourg. htt

[3]. Edgar Wortmann. 2018. “Design Principles for CBDC“. International Movement for Monetary Reform. 28 June 2018.

[4]. Brown, Ellen. 2013. “What We Could Do with a Postal Savings Bank: Infrastructure that Doesn’t Cost Taxpayers a Dime“. The Web of Debt Blog. 23 Sept 2013.

[5]. Scher, Mark. 2001. “Postal Savings and the Provision of Financial Services“. DESA Discussion Paper No. 22. New York: United Nations-Development Policy Analysis Division.

[6]. Nichols, John. 2019. “AOC and Bernie Put Postal Banking Back on the Agenda“. The Nation, 10 May 2019.

Dutch Report on Money and Debt and its Reception by Ons Geld

On January 17, 2019, a research institute of the Dutch government, The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR), offered its report on banking and money-creation to the Dutch government [1]. The report was commissioned by the government after a motion in the Dutch parliament in March 2016 during a debate, which itself was triggered by a citizen’s initiative organized by the Dutch monetary reform organization Ons Geld (Our Money)[2].

The Report

The 301-page report is titled “Money and Debt: The Public Role of Banks” and was accompanied with a 15-page synopsis [3]. An English translation is forthcoming. In its own words the scope of the report was thus:

In this report we discuss how money-creation works; how the context of money-creation has changed; and which problems the current system has. We investigate to what extent a public money system – as proposed among others by Ons Geld – can provide a solution. Finally we make recommendations to reform our system (Synopsis, 5; translated from Dutch original).

This article will give a summary of all these points as presented in the synopsis and also a summery of the official response by Ons Geld. How this report came about you can read here [5].

Money-creation

In the section “How money-creation Works” the authors explain the manner by which money is created and enters the economy. One of their findings is that 93% of the Dutch money stock is created as debt when banks originate loans and 7% of the money stock consists of cash in the form of coins and paper money. The Dutch named the non-cash part of the money supply “giraal geld”, which would loosely translate as “check money” and is usually named in English bankmoney or debt money. Because of this money-creating role by banks “money, debt and banks are in the current system very closely entangled”. But, though banks do create the bulk of the money supply, they cannot just do so without some restraints, of which the authors identify three: 1) The demand for money by businesses and individuals; 2) risk assessments by banks; and 3) monetary policies set by central banks.

Context

As far as the “Changed Context of money-creation” is concerned the authors identified three developments: 1) the shift from using cash to check money (after World War II just above half was check money); 2) the disappearance of public payment and savings options (the public Postbank was privatized and became part of ING); and 3) there was a shift from a “diverse banking landscape” to one in which there are only three big, uniform banks. The effect of these shifts was that 1) bank money became less prone to be changed into cash; 2) the necessary amount of prudent bank reserves diminished; and 3) banks acquired an implicit, public guarantee against insolvency. The overall effect was that “the brakes on money-creation” lessened and the risk of asset bubbles, inflation and economic crises heightened.

Core Problems

The report indicates “Two Core Problems” with the current Dutch money system: 1) The large amount and volatility of debt creates instability and economic crises; and 2) the balance between private and public interests became skewered. The banking sector became more important and powerful in the economy and the government became more important in the banking sector by guaranteeing and bailing out banks in crisis, with both tendencies leading to a “sort of semi-public” banking sector. This section ended with a call for “a good balance between public and private interests” (Synopsis, 8).

Public Money Proposal

In the section “The Public Money System as Solution” the report addressed the proposal offered by the Dutch monetary reform organization Ons Geld (Our Money), which proposal was inspired by the 1930 Chicago Plan and has now many variants developed in other countries like Iceland, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Their synopsis is as follows:

These proposals differ in effect, but they essentially always come down to breaking the close link between money and debt. The current banking landscape would be split into a payment sector and a financing sector. In the payment sector money is held in accounts directly at the central bank or with payment banks where all deposits are 100% covered with central bank reserves. New money can only be created by the central bank. New money comes into the economy through government spending, loans or possibly direct transfers to citizens. In addition, it is possible that new money is used to reduce taxes or to pay off the public debt. In the financing sector, banks first have to raise money before they can provide loans. They can therefore not create new money. People lending money to these financing banks can also suffer losses and they can not reclaim their money at any time. How this financing sector should function exactly differs from one proposal to another (Synopsis, 9).

Though they find the wish to separate payments from financing to be “understandable”, the authors think that it also creates many new uncertainties. Their barrage of questions range from whether the central bank would be able to withstand public pressure; to whether they could prevent money-creation to get out of hand; to whether there would be enough credit to finance real estate; to whether a shadow finance system can be devised by the banks, effectively canceling the reform; to whether the government will really let banks fail. “What looks good on the drawing board can become something quite different in practice”. Together with the fact that such a system has never been tried out, the authors think it is hard to establish whether the new system might function better than the current one. And finally it is uncertain how such a system will fare during the transition period after introduction, and in the context of substantial international economic interdependence.

In its conclusion on a public money system the reports states that,

The WRR considers the transition to a public money system an unsuitable experiment with the monetary-financial system, the backbone of the economy (Synopsis, 10).

Recommendations

Apart from the negative conclusion about an alternative money system the report does provide four recommendations to change the balance between private and public interests: 1) Promote diversity in the financial sector; 2) limit the prolific growth of debt; 3) be better prepared for the next crisis; and 4) solidify the public dimension of banks.

Diversity is important for increased choice and better prices for consumers; increased stability of the sector; and better guidance of credit allocation. A possibility is to have a public or private bank solely dedicated to payments and savings or even the introduction of “digital central bank money”, all of which would have a disciplining effect on the banking sector and diminish their dominance. And their dominance, the authors observe, should be actively weakened by the government through different regulatory measures.

In order to diminish the growth of debt–which the authors deem important for stability, fast recuperation after crises, and balanced economic growth–macro-prudential policies have to be introduced to handle systemic risks. Some tax changes would be necessary and also the behavior of other parts in the economy (pension funds and the real estate market) will have to be regulated to manage debt levels.

Because instability is inherent in the current system, preparations for future crises are important to diminish its effects and enable fast recuperation. Financial risks will have to be spread in a more balanced manner from debtors to creditors; banks might be obligated to recapitalize; and besides the lowering of interests and the buying of bonds maybe more controversial monetary measures by the central bank will have to be applied like the monetization of government debt.

As there exists an unavoidable tension within banks between their private activities and public functions, the latter should be better “anchored’, i.e. the public interest should get “a more robust place” in the system through, for example, an advisory council; increased choice; an alternative payment system; and more publicly responsive regulators.

Conclusion

The report’s final word is a call for several balances: 1) a balance between regulation and freedom in private money-creation; and 2) a balance between private and public interests. “The prudent guidance of money and debt is a permanent task” (Synopsis, 13).

Reception by Ons Geld

Ons Geld published an official response to the report [4]. They especially appreciated three issues which the report addressed: 1) The call to study possible economic scenario’s and alternative money systems; 2) the possibility of a “secure harbor” for one’s money in the form of a “digital safe” to store one’s digital cash; and 3) the report’s starting point with the problematic entanglement of private and public interests in the current financial system.

On the other hand their critique and disappointment with the report is that it points in the wrong direction. The report proposes to solidify and manage the entanglement through further regulations, while Ons Geldproposes a clear separation between money-creation as a public utility and money lending as a commercial business. One venue which could incrementally lead to this separation is the establishment of a digital variation of cash. Once people get accustomed to digital cash, Ons Geld reasons, it will be easier to end the bank privilege of money-creation.

Meanwhile the societal discussion on the role of banks has been broadened and the issue of a fundamental change of the money system is on the political agenda. It is up to the government now to publish its own response to the report. Stay tuned.

Footnotes

[1]. IMMR. 2019. “Dutch WRR Report on Money and Debt is out“. International Movement for Monetary Reform. 1 Feb 2019.

[2]. Wortmann, Edgar. 2015. “Burgerinitiatief Ons Geld“. Ons Geld, 21 April 2015.

[3]. WRR. 2019. “Geld en Schuld: De Publieke Rol van Banken“. WRR Raport No. 100. Den Haag: Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid. Synopsis. Translations from Dutch by editor.

[4]. Ons Geld. 2019. “Reactie van Stichting Ons Geld op het WRR-rapport ‘Geld en Schuld’ “. 19 Jan 2019.

[5]. Schuller, Govert. 2019. “Ons Geld and the Road to the WRR Report“. News – Alliance for Just Money, 6 Mar 2019.

Ons Geld and the Road to the WRR Report

Ons Geld (Our Money) is a Dutch foundation promoting sovereign monetary reform. Its motto is “Money Creation for the General Welfare” and proposes four changes to the current, dysfunctional money system, which proposal is basically the same as what for example The American Monetary Institute [1] and The Alliance for Just Money [2] propose in the USA:

1) Money should only be created by a democratic and transparent agency which acts on behalf of the general interest.

2) Money has to be created free from debt.

3) Money should be spend in the real (non-financial) economy before it gets into financial markets and real estate bubbles.

4) Banks should not be allowed to create money [3].

Citizen’s Initiative

With this program in hand Ons Geld together with the economist and monetary expert Ad Broere, and the satirical theater group De Verleiders (The Seducers) started a citizen’s initiative which gathered about 100,000 signatures–comfortably more than the required 40,000–to get the issue of money-creation on the political agenda. What helped the initiative was the theater production Door de Bank Genomen (Taken by the Bank), which satirized the banking world and its practices.

The summation of their joint appeal reads as follows:

The financial system is unstable which has adverse effects on the economy and society. That instability is related to the creation of money which is today mainly in the private hands of commercial banks. The financial system can be improved by making money-creation into a public task.

The right and duty of money-creation lies in principle with the government, not with private parties. The benefits of money-creation should be used for social goals. In this way the government will be in a better position to meet its obligations, in particular its responsibility to secure minimal living conditions for its population and the spread of wealth.

We appeal to the Lower House to take a stand in favor of the rights and duties of the government in regards to money-creation and its resulting benefits, and to ensure that that the government will reinstate its exclusive right of money-creation by bringing into circulation debt-free Euros, which would be created by a newly constituted public authority and be spend into circulation or offered as interest-free loans [4].

Public Hearing

The successful initiative resulted first in a public hearing about the money system conducted by the permanent commission on financial affairs of the Tweede Kamer (Dutch lower house). There were two panels. The first one was composed of the two directors of Ons Geld, Martijn van der Linden and Luuk de Waal Malefijt; the scriptwriter and actor in the satire “Taken by the Bank”, George van Houts; and the legal expert Edgar Wortmann. The second panel consisted of a financial regulator, Reinier Pollman of the Authority on Financial Markets; a banker, Teunis Brosens of ING; a representative of the central bank, Jan Marc Berk; and two academicians, Dirk Bezemer and Klaas van Egmond [5, 6].

The first panel gave an exposition of its monetary reform proposals and during the second panel a debate developed between Dr. Bezemer and Dr. van Egmond about the necessity of reform.

Van Egmond made some passionate points in favor of reform. He seems to be totally on board with monetary reform, which seems to be a boon for the reformers as he is not only a respected sustainability scholar, but also a founding member of the Sustainable Finance Lab at the University of Utrecht and, most importantly, a member of the influential Dutch think tank The Social Economic Council (SER).

Actually van Egmond co-wrote a working paper with Dr. de Vries titled “Dynamics of a sustainable financial-economic system” [7], which presents a “dynamic simulation model” in which the recent insights into the nature of bankmoney by Dr. Richard Werner [8] were incorporated.

The model provides the ‘laboratory’ setting in which the discontinuities and associated socio-economic un-sustainability of the current financial-economic system can be studied and the feasibility of more sustainable alternatives can be explored.

Van Egmond is arguably the third scholar to model the sovereign money proposal after Drs. Benes and Kumhof at the IMF [9] and Dr. Yamaguchi from Japan [10 ]. They all come to positive conclusions regarding the proposal:

(1) Much better control of a major source of business cycle fluctuations, sudden increases and contractions of bank credit and of the supply of bank-created money. (2) Complete elimination of bank runs. (3) Dramatic reduction of the (net) public debt. (4) Dramatic reduction of private debt, as money creation no longer requires simultaneous debt creation (Benes & Kumhof, 2012: 1).

Parliamentary Debate

The second result of the initiative was a parliamentary debate in the Dutch House of Representatives [11], where on March 22, 2016, the following motion was carried in a 108-42 vote (with the whole faction of the ruling party the VVD voting against):

Ascertaining that deeper research of the role and function of banks in money-creation and other functions is necessary;

Considering the need of a serviceable banking system with less risks for savers and taxpayers;

The government requests The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy to issue an opinion about the functioning of the money system including all forms of money-creation by banks and also include the advantages and disadvantages of alternative systems of money-creation and the amount of profits generated through money-creation [12].

Report

Three years later, on January 17, 2019, the council presented its work to the Dutch minister of finance. The 301-page report is titled “Money and Debt: The Public Role of Banks” and was accompanied with a 15-page synopsis [13, 14].

A summary of the report and the response by Ons Geld you can find here [15].

Footnotes

[1]. Zarlenga, Stephen. 2009 (2006). “Presenting the American Monetary Act”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

[2]. The Alliance for Just Money. “Mission“. 7 Mar 2019.

[3]. Various formulations in different amounts of bullet points were developed by Ons Geld since its inception.

[4]. Wortmann, Edgar. 2015. “Burgerinitiatief Ons Geld“. Ons Geld, 21 April 2015.

[5]. Jourdan, Stanislas. 2016. “Dutch Parliament Hearing about money-creation sparks Debate“. Positive Money, 13 Jan 2016.

[6]. Permanente Commissie Financiale Zaken. 2016. “Roundtable on the Monetary System in the Netherlands (with English subtitles)“. Video file. 14 Oct 2016.

[7]. Van Egmond, Nicolas D. & de Vries, Bert J.M. 2016. “Dynamics of a sustainable financial-economic system”. Sustainable Finance Lab Working Paper. Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

[8]. Werner, Richard A. 2012. “Towards a New Research Programme on ‘Banking and the Economy’ —Implications of the Quantity Theory of Credit for the Prevention and Resolution of Banking and Debt Crises”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 25/5 (December 2012): 94-105.

[9]. Kumhof, Michael & Benes, Jaromir. 2012. “The Chicago Plan Revisited“. IMF Working Papers 12/202. Washington: International Monetary Fund.

[10]. Yamaguchi, Kaoru. 2012. “On the Monetary and Financial Stability under A Public Money System (Revised): Modeling the American Monetary Act Simplified”. Paper presented at the 8th Annual AMI Monetary Reform Conference in Chicago, USA, Sept. 20 – 23, 2012. It was originally presented at the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, St. Gallen, Switzerland, July 22 – 26, 2012.

[11]. “Burgerinitiatief Ons Geld“. Parliamentary Debate at the Dutch House of Representatives. Video file. 16 Mar 2016.

[12]. “Gewijzigde motie van het lid Merkies (t.v.v. 34346, nr. 5) over een onderzoek door de WRR naar de werking van het geldstelsel”. Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 2015–2016, 34 346, nr. 16.

[13]. WRR. 2019. “Geld en Schuld: De Publieke Rol van Banken“. WRR Raport No. 100. Den Haag: Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid. 15-page Synopsis of the report.

[14]. IMMR. 2019. “Dutch WRR Report on Money and Debt is out“. International Movement for Monetary Reform. 1 Feb 2019.

[15]. Schuller, Govert. 2019. “Dutch Report on Money and Debt and its Reception by Ons Geld“. News – Alliance for Just Money, 6 Mar 2019.

Human Causes of the Economic Crisis and Spiritual Solutions

A Seeker Speaks / Thursday, November 27, 2008 / Steve Larsen

In recent months, we have seen unprecedented upheavals the US as well as the global economy. Big banks have fallen, as have insurance companies and brokerage companies followed by huge losses in the stock market. It is estimated US citizens have lost over a trillion dollars in their pensions and 401K plans. As matter of fact, I know a number of families, including our own, whose 401K funds were diminished by 20% or more in a matter of a few short days.

The government’s response, which was supported by both presidential candidates, is notable in that it chose not to address the underlying causes of the crisis, but rather to prop up a failing system with its 700 plus billion dollar bailout. Yet it could have chosen another route and that is to take a serious look at what really is wrong with our economic system and what can be done to fix it.

The fact that the government did not do this, however, really is not surprising as the public at large is generally unwilling to face these problems themselves. Of course, those who have the most to lose in all this – the big banks, brokerage companies, insurance companies and various conglomerate institutions who comprise what might be called the financial or power elite in America certainly don’t want to address the causes as they have a vested interest in keeping the system running just the way it has been – with the deck stacked decidedly in their favor.

The symbiotic relationship between the haves and the have-nots
This unwillingness to look at systemic problems of this nature is essentially a spiritual problem. Jesus talked about the necessity of taking the beam out of our eye as an essential part of our spiritual growth. This means being willing to fearlessly examine any and all conditions that prevent us from seeing the truth about ourselves, society and all its institutions, customs and mores. And then do what’s necessary to replace our incomplete and/or distorted ideas with a higher understanding.

And regarding the current crisis, while there certainly has been outrage at the government’s actions and actions of the financial elite, it wasn’t enough to carry the day to prevent the bailout from happening. And so far, it hasn’t been enough for most people to seriously question the modus operandi of the economic system itself. For many, the current system cannot be challenged as it is seen as unpatriotic and un-American. They equate the current economic system – which as we will see has been designed by and for the elite – as equivalent with free enterprise. Thus for many the system is a sacred cow that cannot be examined for fear that it might be undermined or compromised and with it the American way of life.

Einstein defined insanity as doing the same thing over and over while expecting different results. If our economic system has failed so miserably this time and in years past (think the Great Depression as well as the never ending cycles of inflation and recession) why then do people insist on doing the insane thing of not questioning what is clearly not working? I submit it’s because they have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo and therefore dare not question the beam in their own eye which prevents them from seeing the futility of their actions. And in regards to the economy, what is the nature of the beam that blinds us?

Before addressing this, we need to establish the fact that economically and spiritually speaking, there are two general groups of people. There is the 2 percent of the population that controls 98 percent of the wealth in this country – whom I call the power elite – and then there is the rest of us. Please note that when I discuss the concept of the power elite, my purpose is not to emphasize individuals who comprise the elite, but rather my focus is on the mindset or consciousness behind it.

By and large the power elite are untroubled by the fact that they hoard the wealth. It doesn’t bother them that two thirds of the world’s population lives in poverty while they have great wealth. Why? It’s because they need this disparity to maintain the illusion that they are better or superior to the normal people. This desire stems from the free will choices that many have made to cut themselves off from God – as they think they know better than God – and with it the abundant life that is given freely to all. And to maintain the illusion that they know better than God, they do all they can to keep God from acting in the earth.

Nevertheless, without this connection to God, they feel incomplete. Thus, they obtain a temporary reprieve from the gnawing sense of unwholeness by gaining a relative advantage over the people by acquiring more power, money, privilege, prestige, wealth, etc. compared to the masses. They also maintain the sense that they know better than God because they can demonstrate how powerful they are without God’s help. But their gain over us is always relative. And when it comes to money, they feel superior when they can reduce the amount of abundance we have compared to them. When we are lowered in economic stature they are raised in stature – relative to us. They do this even at the expense of lowering the total amount of wealth on this planet. For by keeping the people down, the built-in natural flow towards greater abundance is thwarted.

Yet the power elite can not maintain this sense of superiority in a vacuum. They need the regular people to play along with their illusion of superiority in order to sustain it. The regular people, however, generally do not have a desire to feel superior to others but rather they have the polar opposite need to feel inferior to the power elite. They have a subconscious belief that the power elite will take care of them. The regular people are happy that they don’t have to worry about running the economy because after all it’s too complicated and so they are grateful that the people whom they perceive to be higher than them will mange the economy so they don’t have to think about it.

Unfortunately, the people have entered into a mindset of an idolatry of the elite and so they believe that we must not let the elite fail. And so the government bailout of huge financial institutions and more recently the push for the bailout of the auto industry are acceptable to many due to the blindness of idolatry.

The central dynamic here causing this sense of idolatry is that the regular people on earth have also – to greater or lesser degrees – cut themselves off from God’s natural abundance. Not because they don’t believe in God or that they feel superior to others but rather because they don’t want to be responsible for making core decisions in life. They refuse to take dominion over their part of the earth and therefore the power elite are all too willing to do that for them.

So in the end, the people do not want to open the Pandora’s box of the money system as they are afraid that ultimately this will mean they have to make crucial decisions about it and thus be responsible for it. And this is something they have avoided for much of their sojourn here on earth. Instead, many people have been running more or less in an unquestioning automatic pilot mode. So you can see here that ignorance really is bliss – our ignorance (ig-nor-ance) is the power elite’s bliss.

To sum up, the power elite need the regular people to be in lower economic state so they can feel superior to them. The regular people have a need to feel inferior to the elite so they don’t have to take responsibility for themselves and the economy. Both groups have an interest in maintaining the status quo to prop up their unholy alliance. The power elite are the blind leaders. The regular people are the blind followers. The result is asymbiotic relationship between the blind leaders and blind followers that has lead to the fact that both groups have now fallen into the ditch of the current economic crisis.

So how do we break this gridlock between the two groups? I believe that like many things, knowledge is the key. As it says in Proverbs, “with all thy getting, get understanding.” I believe people will be far less fearful of challenging the elite if they are armed with correct information. Because when they truly understand what is going on, they will see that the elite only have as much power over people as we are willing to give them. Truly the elite are like the emperor without any clothes where the illusion of clothes was only maintained by those who wanted to see it that way.

Why am I suggesting that it is the people that must change and not the elite? Two reasons: First, the people have far more to gain (at least in the short term) from constructive change in the economy than the elite do. Second, the elite are typically too selfish, rebellious and proud to be open to positive changes that benefit everyone and not just themselves. This doesn’t mean the elite cannot change, but being a realist I think the probability of them changing in the near future is in fact very small.

Multiplying our talents to produce economic growth
One thing we need to understand about God’s design of the matter universe is that there are built in natural forces that move things forward even without our intervention. For example, there are built in evolutionary forces that drive species towards diversity and greater complexity. There are also built in economic forces that lead to greater and greater abundance in the earth. The main factor is that mankind simply needs to understand the principles behind this increase in abundance in order to flow with its tide rather against it by blocking its flow.

I could see how this could very well be a bit of a surprising statement to many. This is because most of us been programmed to believe that lack is the natural order of things and that there simply isn’t enough for everyone. As we’ll see later, this is a belief that has been perpetrated by the elite to block the flow of our abundance so they can maintain their relative superiority over us.

Of course right now it’s not so easy to see this natural economic force at work. However, if you look at two thousand years ago as compared to today, there is no doubt we experience a far greater amount of material abundance and a higher standard of living today then for example when Jesus walked the earth. So we must be doing something at least partially right, so what is that something?

Jesus’ parable of the talents eloquently expresses the main dynamic here. In this parable three servants are given varying amount of talents by a king and are told to go out and use those talents to the king’s benefit. Two of the three servants increased the talents which were then multiplied by the king saying to them “well done thou good and profitable servant, thou has been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many.” However, the third servant was fearful of the king and instead hid his talent in napkin whereupon the king promptly dismissed him as “unprofitable.”

The lesson here is that God has designed the universe in such a way as to increase our abundance. The principle is that when we put forth the effort to increase our own talents God multiplies all our talentsaccordingly. This is how individuals, society and economies grow and prosper.

Regarding economics, there are essentially three types of efforts that produce this multiplication effect:

1. Putting forth labor to produce goods or services.
2. Introducing new ideas, inventions and systems
3. Investing time, energy or money in endeavors that stimulate the first two. In other words taking some risk to promote economic projects even though you can’t be a certain of a return.

Any one of these three separately or in combination can have the effect of more abundance being created on earth. The fact that there is a greater material wealth on earth today than centuries ago proves the point that there is not a fixed amount of abundance on this planet and that God has multiplied it in accordance to the efforts we’ve put forth.

Yet even though the standard of living is higher today than ages past, many people are still living paycheck to paycheck, struggling to get by, and many others are still living in abject poverty. If there is a built in force in nature to increase abundance, why are so many people not experiencing this increase?

The answer lies in understanding how money works and how the money system can be turned on its head to benefit the few and not the many.

Money as an instrument
It has been said that money is the root of all evil. But if you also look at the good that has been accomplished through the use of many we can see that this is not a balanced statement. A more nuanced approach sees that money can be used for both good and evil and therefore is a tool for either and not the cause of it. I would say, however, that the love of money for its own sake is evil as we see shortly.

Money can be seen as a tool for economic transactions. As such, it has two primary functions:

1. As medium of exchange for goods and services
2. As a short term storage of value

In the ideal economy, the purpose of money is seen as a tool and not and end in itself. For money to flow properly, the amount of money in circulation should be roughly equal to the amount of goods and services currently produced in the nation or economic system. Also, money is meant to keep flowing and should not be hoarded. It serves as a temporary storage of value because it is meant to circulate through the people somewhat like blood in our veins.

In the ideal, spiritual economy, there is essentially a one-on-one relationship between the amount of money and the amount of something that has real actual value, be it goods or services. Or even, in the case of gold money, that the gold itself has a certain value. So the point here is there should always be a direct relationship between money and something that has real value.

And when people actually multiply their talents, they can, as a result of that multiplication, accumulate a certain amount of money which they can then choose to store for times when they may not be able to make the money. Even this is legitimate, as long as the money was created as a result of providing a real service to life, be it an invention, taking the initiative, or performing physical labor. There is nothing wrong with storing that money. Even so, it is only when it is put to use in investing will it will help the economy grow. And thus, savings should really only be a temporary thing and should not mean that the money is permanently taken out of circulation.

For money is indeed meant to flow and thereby help the entire economy grow.But you see when there is a direct correspondence between money and something of real value, it is not possible to create money out of nothing, money that has no real value associated with it. And that means that even though the money supply can grow, the value of money is not degraded, for you still only have the money needed to buy goods and services.

And therefore, in a spiritual economy, you can actually have a society that has a steadily growing economy and a steady increase in the money supply without actually having an increase in the prices of goods and services. For why would we need an increase, when you do not have excess money that has no correspondence to real value? You still only have the amount of money needed to exchange goods and services, which means that the value of the money – what you can buy for that money – will remain constant.

For an example of a correct use of the money system, we need to look no further than the colonial economy prior to the revolutionary war. During this time, Ben Franklin gave a speech before British Parliament where he outlined the remarkable prosperity of the American colonies. He attributed this economic success primarily to the fact that there was only enough money printed to make the transfer of goods and services possible.

Franklin remarked: “In the Colonies we issue our own money…in proper proportion to make the products pass easily from the producers to the consumers. In this manner, creating ourselves our own paper money, we control its purchasing power, and we have no interest to pay to no one.”

During his speech, he maintained that there was very little unemployment, the public was well educated and the people were happy. The British were stunned and even outraged upon hearing this news and in response, quickly imposed their dysfunctional economic system (run by a Central bank) upon the colonies. The predictable result was that in a very short time the colonies experienced an inevitable economic decline. Franklin himself cited the imposition of the British money system as among the primary causes of the revolutionary war.

Although the success was short lived, it did demonstrate that an economy could prosper based on principles mentioned above. Certainly the Americans were industrious and ingenious and thus their efforts were multiplied accordingly. Secondly, they only printed enough money – called Colonial script – to grease the wheels of the economy – and no more. Thus there were no cycles of inflation and recession because there was not the intervention of the elite to create the conditions for such aberrations of the natural economic order to occur. Here we had the makings of an economy that was of the people, by the people, and for the people as opposed to of the elite, by the elite and for the elite. So how did the elite manage to create the economic conditions that benefit them to the total disregard of others?

Undermining the money system
Although the power elite have had their influence and grip on society throughout all recorded history, it is helpful to begin this discussion of the modern economic system during the middle ages and the feudal society.

In those days, the power elite were able to suppress and control the people through physical coercion. Anyone who rebelled against the system found themselves against the strong arm of unjust laws. Here, instead of multiplying their own talents, the people were basically slaves who worked so the nobility could maintain their privileged status. The power elite designed the system in such a way to reap the rewards of other people’s labor – basically reaping without sowing and thus stealing from the people. They were also in the mindset of getting something for nothing. Both of these conditions – reaping the reward of other people’s labor and wanting something for nothing – are two primary perversions of the natural economy and the money system that continues to this day. Essentially the power elite in that day as in the present see the people as worker bees whose main purpose is to provide them with lifestyle, shall we say, of the rich and famous.

Creating money out of nothing
Although this unjust system was in place for centuries, from the power elite’s perspective, there was a fundamental flaw in its design. Namely, when people are physically forced into a type of slavery they can’t help noticing that they are in fact enslaved. This will inevitably lead to rebellion and eventually did lead to the undoing of the system. The elite eventually recognized that it was far better for them to enslave people in such a way that they don’t notice that they are enslaved. And so this is what they did.

Centuries ago when the European kings began to go to war against each other, they realized they didn’t have the financial means to do it. So where did they get the money? Well around the same time, a concurrent but related development evolved which served the kings purposes. This development came from the fact that gold smiths (merchants who stored gold for a fee) in that day began lending out the gold in their reserves. They soon discovered that it was highly unlikely that all the gold in their reserves would ever be lent out at the same time – so they began to secretly lend out more gold than they actually had in their reserves and charging interest on it as well. This eventually led to writing promissory paper notes against these reserves which became the forerunners of the modern economic system known as fractional reserve banking.

Knowing that the kings needed money to finance their wars, these financiers convinced the kings to solve their financial problem and finance their wars by taking out loans from them. The loans themselves consisted of money that these financiers created out of nothing. What’s more, on the advice of these money changers, the king declared that this new money created out of nothing – or fiat money or money by decree – needed to be accepted by the king’s subjects as legal tender.

The result was that there was now more money in circulation than was needed to facilitate the transfer of goods and services. There was no longer a one to one correspondence between money and something of real value. The effect of this is that prices invariably go up – for three primary reasons:

1. There is now more money chasing after the same amount of things of value.
2. The first to receive the newly printed money – the power elite – bid up the prices of commodities as they compete for them while prices are still relatively lower.
3. The money changers charge interest on money created out nothing which can be viewed as an added tax on all commodities purchased through the loans.

The devaluation of the people’s labor
The problem with this back then which has continued to this day is that the effect that too much money in circulation disassociated from something of real value is that the value of the people’s labor is degraded. This is because when the price of goods and services goes up, people still only work x number of hours for x amount of dollars. So at the end of the day, their money simply doesn’t buy what it did before there was the influx of money into the system. This is why people have to work harder and harder just to make ends meet. They don’t understand why this is happening, they only know that their money doesn’t stretch like it used to and so they have to roll up their sleeves and work harder just to stay afloat.

So this is how the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The rich are the first to get the newly printed money before prices increase and before these increases filter through the economy and effects the prices of all goods and services. This gives the power elite the advantage of purchasing commodities at lower prices than the rest of us enabling them to acquire more and more while the people struggle for a smaller and smaller portion of the pie. So essentially what what has been going on for centuries is a hidden but nonethelessmassive redistribution of wealth from the poor and middle class to the weathiest of the wealthy. Americans tend to get up in arms, and rightly so I might add, when socialists attempt to forcibly redistribute the wealth from rich to the poor. However, few protest when it is the other way around, as it has been for hundreds if not thousands of years on this planet.

War and hidden taxes
So this increase in prices and the degradation of the value of the people’s labor was and remains to this day ahidden tax on the people to accomplish the objectives of the power elite. This is how most of the wars for the last several hundred years have been financed. If the leaders went to the people and told them they would have to be taxed to finance their wars, the people would likely revolt and the taxes would not be levied and wars would not be fought. Yet because the tax is disguised as inflation, the people don’t notice they are being taxed because it doesn’t appear on their tax bill or paycheck. They only notice they have to work harder and harder for less and less – then the power elite have a far better chance of getting them to not only finance their wars, but to fight in them as well.

For example, do you think in 2003 if George Bush would have went to the people and told them that everyone in the United States would be taxed, say, $2,000 to finance the war in Iraq – a war that many people were unsure about – that the people would have approved this? Not likely. So instead of taxing the people, the power elite (in the form of the US government) simply fired up the money machine and created money out of nothing to finance the Iraq war as they have done for hundreds of years.

In fact, if you want to look for the driving engine behind wars, follow the money trail. If you do, you’ll see that in most cases wars are funded by banks are other financiers who often times fund both sides of any given conflict. For example, although there was supposed to be a great ideological divide between capitalism and communism, it is a not so well known fact that the Bolshevik revolution and the subsequent build up of the Soviet army (as well as the US military build up in response) was funded in part by Wall Street and other powerful interests in the West.

And when it comes to war, the power elite are able to convince the people to fight them because of some supposed differences over ideology, race, religion, land, politics, resources etc, but it is always the people who fight the wars and not the elite. Most wars are in fact, the result of infighting among the power elite where a dominant elite is being challenged by one or more aspiring elite groups or when any of them want to expand their power over the people. The power elite use the age old strategy of divide and conquer to get the people to fight their wars for them. Once again, the people suffer at the expense of the elite’s gain. And the people doubly suffer because ultimately war cannot produce something of value it only destroys something of value, e.g., the destruction of people lives, their livelihoods, their land, property, means of production, culture and entire way of life.

Another advantage for the elite is that when they fund wars, they know that governments are willing to spend far more to achieve their ends then when not at war. Once again, when war is on the horizon, follow the money trail and you’ll often find the true cause behind most military conflicts.

And of course there are many occasions where the elite create money of nothing to fund government programs that are not war related. In that case the dynamic is the same; the people pay a hidden tax when the government does not want to tax us directly thereby stealing from the people the value of their labor. For example, where do you think the money came from for the recent stimulus package, or for that matter the financial bailout of Wall Street? It of course came in the usual manner of rolling the printing presses and then charging interest on the money created out of nothing which has the inevitable inflationary effect of devaluing the people’s labor and purchasing power.

Underwriting the dysfunctional economy
One would think that if the power elite consistently created money out of nothing that the resulting inflation would eventually make all money virtually worthless. This has in fact happened in the last century in pre-Nazi German and later in Argentina where it took a wheelbarrow full of money to buy goods. The money wasn’t worth the paper on which it was printed proved by the fact that some even burned it for fuel. Incidentally, during the 1800’s and for 100 years thereafter Argentina relied on a gold standard to back their money supply and never had these problems. It was only when they switched to a fiat based money system that they did experience the severe inflation and the devaluation of people’s labor.

Yet for the most part, the western economies have managed to avoid this calamity (though with far less abundance then there could be) essentially because it is the hard working people who have, so to speak, underwritten the money system of the power elite. What has happened is that regular people, those who do not believe in getting something for nothing, have actually multiplied their talents and have thereby have managed to keep the power elite’s economy limping along to a greater or lesser degree.

So through the multiplication of our talents, we have all been underwriting or you might say enabling the power elite’s economy and thus it hasn’t totally collapsed. And if it weren’t for this fact, this economy would have done so centuries ago. This is because the greed of the elite who control the money supply and policy will not stop until they have killed the goose that laid the golden egg – which is the industry, creativity and ingenuity of the people.

The Federal Reserve – of the elite, by the elite and for the elite
In one sense, the history of the United States is the story of who controls the money supply – the people or the elite. Although America had the historical example of unrivaled success of the colonial economy, with the influence of Alexander Hamilton and financier Robert Morris, they chose to implement a system that incorporated a strong central bank as the backbone of the economy. This despite the fact that the Constitution stipulates that only Congress should have the power to print money. To me this was an effort by the framers of our constitution to ensure accountability to the people inasmuch as they are represented by Congress. Yet the United States nevertheless sided with the banking interests in forming their monetary policy. This virtually ensured that at least to the degree that banks and special interests were unaccountable; they would most assuredly manipulate the supply of money for their own selfish purposes.

Prior to 1913 however, there wasn’t a Central bank quite like the Federal Reserve. In fact, the control of the money supply went back and forth eight times between the bankers and the government before to this date. There was in fact the first National Bank of America founded in 1790, the same year that the European monopolist banker Mayer Amschel Roschild boldly declared: “Give me control of a nation’s money and I care not who makes the laws.” This system had the predictable effect of causing cycles of inflation and recession.

The Central bank was in power up until the time of Andrew Jackson who after great political battles in the 1830’s was able to root out of the Central bank and return the power of creating money to the government. During this fight for the money supply, the gold standard was put in place to a certain degree and did have some positive effect on balancing the economy. Even so, the fiat system was still the primary method used to create money as the Central banks still had significant reigns on the economy even if they weren’t officially sanctioned by the US government. This of course resulted in a number of economic downturns and debacles, including but not limited to the following:

Panic of 1797-1800
Depression of 1807-1804
Panic of 1837-1843
Panic of 1857-1860
Panic of 1873-1879
Panic of 1893 -1896
Panic of 1907-1908

Supposedly, the Federal Reserve was created to prevent these economic meltdowns. Yet since it’s inception in 1913, we have seen the following:

Recession of 1920 -1921
Great Depression of 1929 -1939
Recession of 1953
Recession of 1973 -1975 during the oil crisis
And of course the crash of 2008

It’s obvious that the Fed has failed to live up to its goal of preventing such calamities. So what is the Federal Reserve and what are its real purposes?

First off, we need to understand that the Federal Reserve is not Federal and it really has no reserves. From its inception the Fed has been and still is a consortium of unelected private bankers – whose identities are largely unknown – who are therefore unanswerable to the people. I’m sure you’ve noticed, for example that no one cast a vote to make Alan Greenspan or Barnard Bernanke chairmen of the Federal Reserve as this is an appointed position.

There are no reserves in that there is no backing for the money that the Fed creates out of nothing. The only backing is the implicit promissory note of American people to keep multiplying their efforts to keep the money machine afloat. The only backing is the perpetual burden of taxation placed on the American people to fill its coffers with money. For without their effort and these taxes, the Fed and the entire economic system would surely collapse under its own corruption.

It was brought into being by a secret meeting of private bankers and politicians on Jekyll Island in Georgia and later stealthily slipped through legislature on December 23rd 1913 when most representatives had gone home for the holidays. In fact there wasn’t even a quorum present when it passed the Senate.

So the entire enterprise was based on a deception of the American people. And as I said, it really is not a branch of the government. In reality, the Federal Reserve is an instrument of the power elite that serves three main purposes:

1. To enforce the fiat money system where money is created out of nothing, lent to the Federal Government, the interest of which is then placed on the backs of the American taxpayers.
2. To control the money supply and thereby control the people.
3. To prop up the major banks and protect them from risky investments.

All of these purposes have the effect of keeping the power elite in a superior status and keeping the people toiling for their bread. It is important to note that all money currently in circulation is created by the Federal Reserve. And the Fed – which is again a consortium of private bankers – makes enormous profits off of the interest they charge for printing our money. The money the US taxpayers owe to the Fed is the national debt that we keep hearing about. The Fed does not care if we ever pay off the debt they just want the magic money machine to keep rolling so they can keep making off the interest they charge us for creating money out of nothing.

The Fed controls the money supply by tightening and loosening lines of credit to business and the public. In times when money is more freely available, people multiply their talents, the economy expands and businesses thrive for a time. When the reigns of credit are tightened however, businesses fold and people lose their jobs. The Fed and the elite profit in either scenario. In good times they make money off the interest paid to the money machine. Yet in hard times, the elite are right there to buy up the lost businesses at bottom bargain prices and thereby expand their control over the people and the economy.

Relatively few people today are aware of the Fed’s negative influence as the power elite now controls much of the major media where people get there information. Yet this has not always been the case. The following are quotes from prominent citizens regarding the role of Central banks in the economy.

If the American People allow private banks to control the issuance of their currency, first by inflation and then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the People of all their Property until their Children will wake up homeless on the continent their Fathers conquered.
– Thomas Jefferson

“I sincerely believe, with you, that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies; and that the principle of spending money to be paid by posterity, under the name of funding, is but swindling futurity on a large scale.”
– Thomas Jefferson.

You are a den of vipers and thieves. I intend to rout you out, and by the Eternal God, I will rout you out… If people only understood the rank injustice of the money and banking system, there would be a revolution by morning.
– Andrew Jackson

“The money power preys upon the nation in times of peace & conspires against it in times of war. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. It denounces, as public enemies, all who even question its methods or throw light upon its crimes. I have two great enemies, the Southern Army in front of me & the financial institutions at the rear; the latter is my greatest foe.
– President Abraham Lincoln

“It is well that the people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.”
– Henry Ford

“We have, in this country, one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board. This evil institution has impoverished the people of the United States and has practically bankrupted our government. It has done this through the corrupt practices of the moneyed vultures that control it.” – Congressman Louis T. McFadden in 1932 (Rep. Pa)

“By this means government may secretly and unobserved, confiscate the wealth of the people and not one man in a million will detect the theft.”
– British Lord John Maynard Keynes

“The financial system has been turned over to the Federal Reserve Board. That Board administers the finance system by authority of a purely profiteering group. The system is Private, conducted for the sole purpose of obtaining the greatest possible profits from the use of other people’s money”
-Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., 1923

“All the perplexities, confusion and distresses in America arise not from defects in the constitution or confederation, nor from want of honor or virtue, as much from downright ignorance of the nature of coin, credit, and circulation – John Adams

“Whoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of all industry and commerce.”-James A. Garfield

I cannot emphasize enough how important it is for the American people to understand how our economy works and how the Federal Reserve and the power elite are stealing the wealth of the people. Even as I’m writing this, the headlines read that the Fed has recently spent over 4 trillion dollars in bailing out the financial elite in this country. This will have the predictable inflationary effect of putting too much money into circulation that has no correspondence to something of value. Unless something is done quickly, the Fed, out of their greed and their need to keep the elite in a position of superiority, will bankrupt America.

We need to take back the money supply from the elite and give it to the people where it belongs. We need to overcome our idolatry of the elite and recognize the power of God in each of us. God can and will turn around the economy but it won’t be by a blinding flash of a miracle from the sky but through multiplying our illumined efforts in creating a balanced and sustainable economy by utilizing right principles.

For these interested in a far more detailed and thorough analysis of the Federal Reserve then provided here, I would highly encourage you to watch the following video: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7757684583209015812&hl=en

The causes of current economic crisis
While the fiat money system is the major instrument for the manipulation of money supply and can therefore be considered a meta-cause of our economic ills, I would say that the current crisis was precipitated by more local factors consisting of a combination of greed, arrogance and fear.

The problem basically is that many of the elite (and also many of the people in general) want to get something for nothing. They are all hoping that a minimal investment will produce a large return. This is essentially the gambling consciousness where everyone wants to win the big prize by investing relatively small sums of money compared to the sum of the prize. The trouble is, of course that in gambling only a few can win the big prize because if everyone won it the gambling industries would all go under.

So investors were essentially gambling on their investments – and these investments were largely held in debt based products derived from the mortgage industry. A few years ago, a number of new financial products hit the market that went almost entirely unregulated by the government (due to intense lobbying in Congress by many large financial institutions). The products, termed “derivatives” because they were derived from the reselling of debt (primarily mortgage based) leveraged across a variety of complex financial instruments.

The trouble is, as recently corroborated by the G-20 economic summit, the risks on these debts were hidden and while large profits were taken on them, these debts eventually came home to roost because the risk could not be adequately assessed, even by the elite. So what essentially drove the investors was greed and the idea that they could get something for virtually nothing. And that nothing really consisted of the mortgage debts which essentially came from money created out of nothing. Arrogance played a role as these financial institutions thought they had the sophistication to adequately assess the risk when they obviously did not.

So what inevitably happens when greed goes too far and things begin to collapse is that the polar opposite of fear rears its’ head. Fear then drives the investors and stakeholders to begin pulling out their investments when the financial industries start to go south. What we need to realize, however, is that all these psychological conditions of greed, arrogance and fear and the concept of lack itself are all illusions which only exist as a result of mankind believing in the ultimate illusion that we are in fact separate from God.

It is only when we realize as Jesus said long ago that the kingdom of God is within us that we can remove the beam of separation and all the psychological baggage that comes with it from our individual and collective psyches and begin to heal ourselves of all illusions including the illusion that only the elite can run the economy. For surely God can and will inspire the economy but it is only when each of us makes ourselves the open doors through which divine light and ideas can flow that this will occur. Again, we must not passively wait for a miracle to occur as each of us needs to become the miracle and then the economic ship of this nation as well as the world will be righted.

Monopolies and the proper role of government in the economy
The power elite not only control our economy through monopolizing the money supply but through acquiring vast monopolies in the business sector as well. We need to realize that we cannot have a truly free economy when other businesses are not free to compete against large corporations. If one or a handful of corporations control 90% or more of the market share in any sector of the economy, how can any smaller company effectively compete against that? And if there is not competition, what incentive is there for corporations to reduce prices? And so we see that not only is the value of our labor and spending power being degraded through the fiat money system of the elite, but our pocketbooks are further emptied through the high prices that many monopolist industries charge for their products and services.

Now before I continue, it should be noted that in last 15 years or so, there has been enormous influx of relatively cheap goods coming into America from China and as well as various third world countries. This has given Americans and other Western nations the illusion of prosperity where no real prosperity exists. This has the effect of lulling the West to sleep believing that all is well in the economy, which as the dramatic events of the past few months have shown, nothing could be further from the truth.

There is also the added problem that these cheap goods are being bought for a price. And the price is the welfare of the workers who produce these goods. For as everyone knows, most of the workers are paid sub standard, near poverty level if not slave wages and therefore when the West purchases these goods we end up subsidizing the injustices done to these workers by the power elite in those countries. This is clearly not a sustainable system. We must know that the universe acts like a mirror and so it will inevitably return the effects of the unjust conditions of our brother and sisters to our doorstep – some of the effects of which we may be witnessing today.

Returning to monopolies, the history of United States is unfortunately replete with them. From the railroads, to the steel mills, to the auto industry, to the energy companies and now technology companies (ever wonder, for example, why one software company has their operating system installed on 99% of the world’s computers?), gigantic corporations have been allowed through certain government regulations, to gain an unjust hold on market shares and after that no regulation is needed as these companies can effectively undercut all other potential competitors through the control of the market share and all the subsidiary industries and suppliers that feed it.

Again, free competition is the enemy of monopolies so the latter will do all they can to stomp it out. Therefore, the government can play a legitimate role in regulating industry and trade in such a way that no single company is allowed to obtain more than a certain amount of the share of a particular market. Now, there are some anti-trust laws on the books but these are typically either ignored or circumvented altogether by the large corporations. We need to tighten these rules and enforce them in such a way as to create a level playing field where all can compete. And when we do, not only will consumers get better products, but they will get them at better prices due to the competition among businesses who are given a fair chance to compete.

Look what happened in the 1970’s when the Bell telephone monopoly was broken up by the Supreme Court. Many new companies emerged and phone rates were by and large dramatically reduced. However, this safeguard against this particular industry was not sustained as today we are also faced with virtual monopolies by the likes of AT&T and a few others.

This means we need to be vigilant for as we know, perpetual vigilance is the price of freedom. This also means that the media needs to reform and start playing a far greater role in all of this again, as today they are basically the lapdog of the elite and not the watch dog that will sound the cry of alarm when such shenanigans and crimes in high places occur. If you don’t believe me, when have you ever heard any of what I have discussed in this article in the popular dominant media? My guess is almost never. When have you ever heard a criticism of the Federal Reserve by any major newspaper or major media outlet? Of course you haven’t because these outlets are controlled by the elite. Government can play an important role here by regulating what percent of any medial outlet can be owned by a single or corporate conglomerate.

The government needs to also play a role in regulating financial products. New products that enter the market need to be vetted for viability and risk and if the risk is too high or they threaten the stability of the entire economy then they should not be allowed on the market. The present crisis that stemmed from the derivatives based on housing market debt could have been averted if these products would have first been assessed using the above criteria.

So in a modern economy it is clear that government must play a major role to prevent the system from collapsing as well as helping the entire economy grow by it’s insistence on sound economic practices. This means that we need men and women of wisdom, honor and intelligence to step up into roles in the government. I believe there are indeed people with these qualities that God has prepared and are so to speak, waiting in the wings. And so part of our job as citizens is to help find these individuals and raise them up and then put pressure on the government to involve such people in the day to day governmental operations and decision making regarding affairs of the economy.

But ultimately, a government can rise no higher than the people who elect it. And, inasmuch as the government is a reflection of the people – and we get the government we deserve – we need to rise higher to deserve better. Therefore it behooves us all to raise our consciousness regarding spiritual matters and from this knowledge about economic matters as well.

And while on the subject of control, it must be recognized that very few people in this country are learning about the history of money and it’s manipulation in our nation’s schools. If we are to be and remain a free people, we must be an enlightened people. This will only come about when parents demand that children stop being programmed in the mediocrity of the mass consciousness which encourages students to blindly accept every lie spoon fed them by the powers that be. Parents must insist that children be properly educated about the economy and government in the schools or remove them from these schools altogether as many Americans have already done.

Conclusions
For surely it is the Father’s good pleasure to give us the abundant life – but we need to reach for it and multiply our understanding and love that the Father may multiply our own efforts to produce the abundant life here on earth. Clearly, God is infinite and so is God’s abundance. There is more than enough for all, we just need to bring it into manifestation by making ourselves aware of spiritual principles and how the abrogation of these principles have produced an economic slavery in modern society that far surpasses that of the Israelites who toiled in the land of Egypt.

Let us all demand that our government follow sound economic principles, many of which are outlined here. Let us rise above the consciousness that we need an elite group to run our economy when we know that the power of God can run the economy through us. You can’t solve a problem in the same state of consciousness that created the problem. Therefore, we must entirely rethink how our economy is run and tear down the towers of Babel erected by the elite and replace it with the rock of Christ principles. When we do so, we will once again have an economy and a government that fulfills Lincoln’s vision so eloquently expressed over a century ago – that is truly of the people, by the people and for the people.

Steve Larsen is a writer, producer, guitarist and singer / songwriter in Illinois. Find him here and here.

Introduction to the Problem with Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)

By Govert Schuller.

The Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) school is perceived sometimes as representing the ideas of the New Currency Theory (NCT) school so named by the eminent German economic sociologist and monetary reform theorist Joseph Huber. Huber, though admitting overlaps between the two theories, thinks the actual differences have profound consequences both at the theoretical level and, more importantly, at the policy level. Because this misconception creates confusion and unearned allegiances I like to highlight some pertinent quotes by Huber to be clear about these differences.

Guided by Huber’s introduction to his 2013 paper “Modern Money and Sovereign Currency” I will name four fundamental problems with MMT as 1) a problem of definition; 2) a problem of perception; 3) a problem of historical analysis; and 4) a problem of over-aggregation.

1) The initial problem according to Huber is one of definition:

“For example, MMT claims to be a chartal theory or state theory of money. Most people will understand ‘state money’ or ‘sovereign currency’ as money issued by a state authority such as a national central bank. MMT, however―and in line with banking doctrines and national-liberal ideas of old in the vein of Knapp and Mitchell-Innes―understand by ‘sovereign currency’ that the state just defines the national currency unit and for the rest accepts the money denominated in that currency issued by private banks rather than a public agency. This creates misunderstanding from the beginning.” (p. 5)

In short, MMT equates bank-credit money with sovereign money because it is issued in the state’s denomination and is accepted by the state as a medium of exchange. Meanwhile sovereign monetary reformers think that the 97% of the money stock created by commercial banks should not be considered sovereign money.

2) The second problem is MMT’s perception of banking as both benign for the economy and non-threatening to a state’s sovereignty:

“MMT does not recognize a need for monetary reform. Central bank and government together, it is assumed, exert effective control over banks’ creation of credit and deposits. Fractional reserve banking on the whole is seen as efficient and benign. To NCT this is just another example of fictional economics, for the actual situation today comes close to one of capture of the state’s monetary sovereignty by the private banking sector.” (p. 5)

In short, MMT ignores the cause of the aggravated and destructive boom-bust cycle fueled by the volatile expansion and contraction of bank-credit money, and is oblivious to the political power gained by the commercial banks.

3) A third problem is that MMT has its monetary history wrong.

“MMT has it that money is credit and debt by its very nature and history. MMT adherents ridicule the notion of debt-free money as ‘dry water’. . . . . Money certainly is a medium for paying debt, i.e. to get rid of debt, and thus has of course developed historically in a context of debt of various kinds. . . . MMT, yet, misrepresents 2,500 years of coin currencies when money typically was not lent into circulation against interest, but spent into circulation by the rulers of the realm free of interest and redemption.” (p. 6)

In short, because MMT sees money only as credit/debt they cannot understand the historical record indicating that there were times in which certain states did issue debt-free sovereign money.

4) A fourth problem is that MMT aggregates the productive, real-economic sector and the FIRE sector, i.e. finance, insurance and real estate.

“MMT’s categories of sector balances – public, private, foreign – remain simplistic and actually misleading as long as they do not incorporate in each sector Hudson’s distinction between a FIRE subsector, which can indirectly contribute to productivity, and a real-economic subsector which can immediately be productive.“ (p. 95)

Here I would add that, though the financial sector is perceived as the credit engine of the real economy and therefore both could be aggregated, the historical record shows that, when the financial sector starts allocating credit into speculative, non-productive ventures, the real economy will suffer and therefore they should be treated as different sectors.

Huber’s assessment of MMT therefore is quite severe:

“Without openly denying this, MMT is nonetheless contemptuous of monetary quantity theory and the notion of sound finances. MMT cultivates laxness about deficits and debt. MMT does not question why the concept of ‘functional finance’ turned out to be quite dysfunctional in practice.”

In summary, because 1) MMT works with a skewered definition of sovereign money; 2) has a blind spot to the elasticity of the money supply as the real cause of destructive speculation bubbles and ensuing debt-deflation spirals; 3) MMT misunderstands the historical record of sovereign money production; and 4) does not differentiate between the real economy and the FIRE sector, the aggregate of these shortcomings leads MMT to become irresponsibly lackadaisical about debts, deficits and the power of the financial sector over the state.

On the other side, those promoting sovereign monetary reform are very aware of the societal-formative and -destructive power of credit allocation by banks and their increasing gain in political power and are therefor promoting a three-prong policy proposal:

1) Nationalize the central bank and institute a monetary authority to manage the money supply such that its size has neither inflationary nor deflationary effects;

2) Allow the state to spend debt-free money into circulation on projects society really needs;

3) Abrogate the prerogative of banks to create the money supply and, instead, let them be true intermediaries in society’s flow of sovereign money.

With the above in mind I give Huber the last word on this:

“Today, monetary sovereignty is something which has to be recaptured from the banking industry. Regaining control of the currency and repossession of the complete monetary prerogative is a task of constitutional importance, a legal imperative, and a fundament of any stable economy.” (p. 95)

Post Script

In March 2019 Huber wrote another paper on MMT:

Huber, Joseph. 2019a. “Modern Money Theory revisited – still the same false promise“. Sovereign Money, March 2019 .

Sources

Huber, Joseph. 2013. “Modern Money and Sovereign Currency”. Sovereign Money: Website for New Currency Theory and Monetary Reform.

Huber, Joseph. 2014a. “Modern Money Theory and New Currency Theory”. Real-World Economics Review, 66 (13 Jan 2014): 38-57.

Additional Sources

Palley, Thomas I. 2014. “The Critics of Modern Money Theory (MMT) are Right”. IMK Working Paper, No. 132, Institut für Makroökonomie und Konjunkturforschung (IMK), Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf.

Palley, Thomas I. 2015. “Money, Fiscal Policy, and Interest Rates: A Critique of Modern Monetary Theory“. Review of Political Economy, 27/1: 1-23.

Lavoie, Marc. 2013. “The monetary and fiscal nexus of neo-chartalism: a friendly critique.” Journal of Economic Issues, 47/1: 1-32.

Roche, Cullen. 2011. “Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) Critique“. Pragmatic Capitalism, 7 Sept 2011.

Walsh, Steven & Zarlenga, Stephen. 2012. “Evaluation of Modern Monetary Theory”. AMI Research Paper.

Labor Day and Monetary Reform

Labor Day might be the appropriate day to confirm the establishment of an activist organization promoting economic and social justice by reforming the US monetary system. Its name is the Alliance for Just Money.

The goal is to bring the money system back under sovereign, constitutional control away from the commercial banks which have abused their prerogative to create the money supply by creating a string of devastating crises in the financial sector and unnecessary economic hardships to most citizens.

Many economists, bankers and other experts now agree on the specific chain of causation of these crises and many agree on the kind of legislation necessary to fundamentally address the problem.

In the US a bill is ready to be re-introduced to congress which will institute the necessary sovereign monetary reform. It is the 2012 National Emergency Employment Defense Act (NEED Act) developed by now former congressman Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) and Stephen Zarlenga of The American Monetary Institute.

For too long commercial bankers, central bankers and their allied economists and politicians have downplayed, if not intentionally ignored, the real nature of banking and money creation. Recent research has irreversibly exposed the actual mechanisms underlying money creation and its link to financial crises with the Bank of England in 2014 most conspicuously admitting the truth.

It is now up to the citizenry to educate itself on monetary matters and then to put pressure on their representatives to become in turn literate on these issues and sponsor the kind of legislation which will radically rectify the the current deeply flawed system.

Please avail yourself of the proffered resources to educate yourself on monetary issues. The issue in the end is not that complex and once grasped it will trigger an epiphany hard to eradicate.

It might even radicalize you as congressman Charles Binderup (D-AR) observed in 1938 in paraphrasing an insight by Henry Ford:

“It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.” (Source)

And radical change in favor of the working and middle class is what Labor Day was originally all about.

Modeling the Financial-Economic System and how to make it Sustainable

Two economic researchers, van Egmond and de Vries, at the Sustainable Finance Lab (University of Utrecht, the Netherlands) developed a dynamics model in which the financial system is explicitly included. Their working paper is titled “Dynamics of a Sustainable Financial-Economic System”[1] and it also addresses a sovereign monetary system.

After Yamaguchi in 2010 [2] and then Kumhoff & Benes in 2012 [3], this might be the third successful modeling of sovereign monetary reform (SMR) to date.

They also explicitly heeded the call by Richard Werner, who supports SMR, for a new research programme in macroeconomics citing what increasingly looks like his seminal 2012 paper on the Quantity Theory of Credit.[4]

Find below the Abstract of the van Egmond & de Vries paper and the section on the “Legitimacy of money creation by the government”.

Abstract (page 1)

Along the lines of neoclassical theory, a system dynamics model has been developed to describe the most important mechanisms governing the physical output of goods and services in the economy in interaction with the financial system. The model gives a meaningful reconstruction of the overall long-term dynamical behaviour of the financial-economic system, including the endogenously modeled crisis.

The occurrence of the boom- and bust-cycles can be understood and to a reasonable extent predicted from the asset price driven credit cycle. The model confirms Minsky’s instability hypothesis, in which the euphoria over apparently ever increasing (asset) prices, GDP, wages, consumption and loans turn the system into the downward spiral of the bust, when financing cost becomes unbearable for individual households and the economy is no longer stimulated by a continuously decreasing interest rate as soon as the interest rate approaches the zero level. Once the residential quote passes a certain threshold, defaults significantly increase, banks tend to go bust and have to be recapitalized by the government, with substantial macro-economic consequences.

The current financial system appears to be fundamentally unstable. Lacking central coordination, euphoric herd behavior of the many private banks causes the unjustified creation of too much money and subsequent boom-and-bust behavior of the economic system.

The model experiments show that money creation by the government, according to a ‘money creation rule’, for example directed to price stability and / or employment, can stabilize the boom-bust cycles. At a constant price level, both the physical and the monetary production as well as consumption then follow a pathway of stable, continuous growth which reflects the increased productivity resulting from technical progress. Throughout history, money creation by the government is strongly legitimated and advocated by prestigious social, philosophical and economic thinking.

Price stability and the associated positive effects on employment and GDP can be realized by creation of debt free money at a rate corresponding to the growth of the real, physical economy (without inflation); in the model experiment this was about 10 to 15 bn € /year. In case an inflation rate (e.g. 2 %) would be preferred politically, an additional amount over 10 bn € has to be created yearly, increasing over time. Including the saving on interest payments on the declining government debt, the total sum of money which could be spent by the government amounts over 25 bn € / year. This money can be used to lower tax rates and to invest in physical and social infrastructure, for example in the transition to sustainable energy and transport systems.

Legitimacy of money creation by the government (pages 43-44)

Although beyond the scope of this paper, the proposed reform can also be motivated from a more fundamental point of view and in addition to the considerations with respect to system instability as discussed here. As already pointed out by Aristotle in his Ethica Nicomachea (350 BC), ‘money exist by law, not by nature’. Money is not a commodity, but a social construct (Van Dixhoorn 2013). This implies that money has to be created by (groups in) society, in practice usually the State and that the money supply is a government prerogative. . Since Aristotle, numerous philosophers, economists and politicians including Locke, Franklin, Paine, Berkeley, de Montesquieu , Ricardo, Lincoln, Jefferson and Jackson have supported this view.

The current money-as-debt (MaD)system, with money creation by private banks, cannot be considered beforehand as ‘normal’. On the contrary, the system is from a relatively recent date, the end of the 17th century, when in the ‘Glorious Revolution’ the concept of the Bank of Amsterdam was transferred to London and ownership changed from public (the city of Amsterdam) to private. William Paterson, the founder of the Bank of England stated that ‘the bank hath benefit of interest on all moneys which it creates out of nothing’ (Zarlenga, 2002). Since then the struggle for power over the creation of money has caused many conflicts and even wars.

The usual argument in favor of privatized money creation is the alleged assertion that poorly run money systems of the past were under governmental control. In most cases these assertions refer to developing countries and the German hyperinflation of 1923. However, closer examination of the hyperinflation in interwar Germany points to the contrary: it was rather the pressure from the World War I allies (UK, USA) to privatize the German Bank rather than public governmental control that brought he inflation about. After taking control back by the government by Reichskanzler Schacht, the hyperinflation was halted within one year (Zarlenga 2002). It also should be realized, as shown in this paper, that over the last decades private banks and not governments have created the enormous amounts of money that have led to the 2007 / 2008 financial crisis.

From a political point of view, the Central Bank is under full governmental and democratic control, though legally independent in order to prevent interference by short-term oriented political forces. Comparable to the judicial power as the ‘third power’, the Central Bank would be part of a ‘fourth power’, which can act with great independency according to a priori defined rules but, at the end of the day, under full democratic control. (pp. 43-44)

Sources

[1]. Van Egmond, N. D., and B. J. M. de Vries. 2016. “Dynamics of a Sustainable Financial-economic System“. Working Paper of the Sustainable Finance Lab. Version 2. Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

[2]. Yamaguchi, Kaoru. 2010. “On the Liquidation of Government Debt under A Debtfree Money System: Modeling the American Monetary Act”. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Seoul, Korea, 2010. The System Dynamics Society.

[3]. Kumhof, Michael & Benes, Jaromir. 2012. “The Chicago Plan Revisited“. IMF Working Papers 12/202. Washington: International Monetary Fund.

[4]. Werner, Richard A. 2012 “Towards a New Research Programme on ‘Banking and the Economy’ — Implications of the Quantity Theory of Credit for the Prevention and Resolution of Banking and Debt Crises”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 25/5 (December 2012): 94-105.

A vote to upend banking as we know it?

By Howard Switzer.

For a decade the nascent monetary reform movement has been educating people about what money is, how it is created, its consequences and solutions. In a June 1st article by Brian Blackstone titled “A Vote to Upend Banking as We Know It,’ [1] the Wall Street Journal recognized monetary reform, taking it seriously thanks to the Vollgeld (Sovereign Money) Initiative in Switzerland.[2] Of course being the voice of Wall Street there is a bit of spin on the issue as the title itself suggests.

It is fast becoming common knowledge that banks create money when they make a loan, be it to an individual, a business, or a government. In fact nearly our entire money supply is created by the private commercial banks this way.[3] The problem with this, that reformers and honest economists recognize, is that the money for the principle of the loan is created but not the money that must be paid in interest. That money must come from the principle of another loan as that is how money is created. That problem is exacerbated by the fact that as the principle of the loan is paid that money is extinguished leaving even less money in the system to pay interest. When a default happens, as the WSJ says, the bank’s profits, meaning the interest, take a hit. Not mentioned is the fact that the banks then collect the real wealth that was put up as collateral in order to obtain money that was created out of thin air via keystrokes. Thus as soon as loan payments exceed loans being made the system, our economy, crashes and many lose their homes, farms and businesses, often including the assets of many smaller banks.

Previously many people believed the myth that government creates our money and that banks only lend money they have held in savings deposits. This is not what happens. While this is indeed how banking should operate, as an intermediary providing services for already existing money, they actually operate what is called the fractional reserve system. This has been practiced by banks for literally hundreds of years, when bankers discovered they could lend many times what they held on deposit because the paper receipts were found to be so much more convenient as a circulating exchange medium, i.e. money. In 1913 Congress made it the law of the land giving a few private banks control over the nation’s money, our monetary policy.

As the article notes The Chicago Plan, presented by economists in the 1930s, would have made it so banks only lend existing money which would be created by government and spent into the economy on public projects or gifted to the people, as in a citizen’s dividend, to give the economy a shot in the arm when necessary. This for the first time would actually give our elected representatives the power to fulfill their Constitutional mandate to promote the general welfare, a fact that the author overlooks. For there to be enough money in the system, public spending would need to increase greatly with money going into the pockets of the public to spend on the production and services provided by the people who would then deposit much of it in the banks. This then allows the banks to operate as had been believed, lending existing money held in time deposits for making wise investments. Banks, unable to just create money, would then regard risky investments much more carefully.

Would such a policy upend banking as we know it? Many bankers are unaware of how the money system works as well and are fearful of any change in the system despite this actually only amounting to a small change in bookkeeping rules. However, in general the banks would gain just as the people and their government would gain as prosperity would be the natural result of such policy. Banks would operate as people believe they do so “banking as we know it” would not actually change. What would change is the ability of government to fund ways for the needed goods and services that polls have shown for decades what the people want; healthcare, education, a 21st century energy and transportation infrastructure and the re-building of the local food networks and economies where we all live.

While the article calls it a 100% Reserve System that is something of a misnomer as a Sovereign Money System would do away with reserve requirements, and the Federal Reserve, as they would no longer be needed having been replaced by real money. Rather than having some 15,000 independent banks manufacturing and destroying our check-book money in a haphazard way, based on their notions of what will be profitable, Government control of the money supply would save the banks from themselves and stabilize the economy. No more booms and busts due to loan payments exceeding loans being made, that is, no more financial system crashes, no more recessions and depressions.

Sovereign money in fact is what was at issue with the founding of our nation, it was the reason, as Ben Franklin described, for the revolution. It was an effort to wrest monetary control away from the international banking industry then headquartered in the Bank of England, then privately owned. While we won the revolution militarily we lost in monetarily in the power struggle that ensued as represented by Jefferson the farmer and Hamilton the banker. We all know who won.

As people become more aware of how the system works and how it could work better, the movement will grow despite what will no doubt be an unrelenting propaganda campaign against it. However, once the benefits that are possible to obtain broadly for the nation by implementing a sovereign money system are understood, it will be too great to resist for everyone.

Sources

[1]. Blackstone, Brian. 2018. “A Vote to Upend Banking as We Know It“. The Wall Street Journal. 1 June 2108.

[2]. Vollgeld Initiative. “Campaign for Monetary Reform – News from Switzerland“. The Swiss Sovereign Money Initiative Web Site.

[3]. For the definitive proof of this practice see: McLeay, Michael & Radia, Amar & Thomas, Ryland. 2014a. “Money Creation in the Modern Economy”. Monetary Analysis Directorate. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin (Q1, 2014): 14-27.

Howard Switzer was a 2012 Green candidate who sought election to the U.S. House to represent the 7th Congressional District of Tennessee. Switzer was also the 2010 Green Party candidate for Governor of Tennessee. He previously ran for Governor in 2006 and is a National Committee Delegate of the Green Party since 2001.

The Green Party US has endorsed monetary reform. See: Green Party US. 2014. “Monetary Reform (Greening the Dollar)”. July 2014.

Bibliography Monetary Theory and Reform

Main Categories:

A. Proposed Legislations and Organizational Endorsements

B. Academic Studies on Sovereign Monetary Theory and Reform

C. Studies Critical of Sovereign Monetary Theory and Reform (including MMT section)

D. Non-academic Advocacy Pamphlets, Reports, Briefings and Books

E. Supporting Studies Addressing Monetary Issues

F. Journalistic Articles Addressing Monetary Reform

G. Educational and Promotional Videos

H. Other Relevant Background Studies

Justification of Categories:

The A-G sequence of categories is meant to be seen as a mandala of concentric rings, starting with the most succinct and thought-through legal expressions of monetary reform and its justifications (A), to its best academic backup (B), to its criticisms and responses (C), to the best reasoned non-academic formulations (D), etc. The core of category H was composed around AMI founder Stephen Zarlenga’s appreciation of Georgetown University history professor and whistle-blower on the US power elite, Carroll Quigley. Practically the same bibliography can be found on the website of The Alliance for Just Money.

For easy search use the CTRL-F key combination

A. Proposed Legislations and Organizational Endorsements

Legislation:

Switzerland (2014): Vollgeld Initiative. 2014. “Initiativtext: Eidgenössische Volksinitiative Für krisensicheres Geld: Geldschöpfung allein durch die Nationalbank! (Vollgeld-Initiative)”. Wettingen, Schweiz: Verein Monetäre Modernisierung (MoMo).

United Kingdom (2011): Positive Money. 2011. “Bank of England Creation of Currency Bill”. London: Positive Money.

United States of America (2006-12): The NEED Act

Zarlenga, Stephen. 2010 (2006). “Presenting the American Monetary Act”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute. Precursor of the NEED Act.

Zarlenga, Stephen. 2014 (2006). “Presenting the American Monetary Act / The 32-Page Brochure”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute. Extensive introduction to, and final version of, the NEED Act.

United States of America (2012): H.R.2990 – National Emergency Employment Defense Act of 2011 (NEED Act). 112th US Congress (2011-2012).

Congressional Research Service. 2012. Summary of H.R. 2990 (NEED Act).

Carmack, Patrick S.J., J.D. 1996. “Monetary Reform Act“. The Money Masters.

Endorsements:

The Northeast Ohio American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). 2012. “Endorsement of National Emergency Employment Defense (NEED) Act, Hr 2990”. February, 2012.

Chicago Teachers Union. 2012. ”Resolution to Support: The National Employment Emergency Defense (NEED) Act, H.R. 2990“. 9 Jan 2012.

The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Union (Local 126, Chicago area). 2012. “Resolution to Support: The National Emergency Employment Defense Act – HR 2990”. 7 Mar 2012.

Green Party US. 2014. “Monetary Reform (Greening the Dollar)”. July 2014.

Green Party – UK. 2015. “For the Common Good: General Election Manifesto 2015”. London: The Green Party of England and Wales.

B. Academic Papers and Monographs on Sovereign Monetary Theory, 100% Reserve Banking and Monetary Reform

Abel, Istvan and Lehmann, Kristof and Tapaszti, Attila. 2016. “The Controversial Treatment of Money and Banks in Macroeconomics”. Financial and Economic Review, 15/2 (June 2016): 33–58.

Allais, Maurice. 1987. “The Credit Mechanism and its Implications”. In: Feiwel, George R. (Ed), Arrow and the Foundations of the Theory of Economic Policy. Essays in Honor of Kenneth J. Arrow. New York: NYU Press, 491–561.

Allen, William R. 1993. “Irving Fisher and the 100 Percent Reserve Proposal“. The Journal of Law and Economics, 36/2: 703-717.

Al-Jarhi, Mabid. 2016. “The Nature of Money in Modern Economy – Implications and Consequences”. JKAU: Islamic Economics, 29/2 (July 2016):75-79. Also: Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), no. 72238, 10 May 2016.

Andresen, Trond. 2018. “On the Dynamics of Money Circulation, Creation and Debt–a Control Systems Approach”. PhD Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, October 2018.

Angell, James W. 1935. “The 100 Per Cent Reserve Plan”. Quartely Journal of Economics, 50/1: 1–35.

Armelius, Hanna & Carl Andreas Claussen, David Vestin. 2020. “Money and monetary policy in times of crisis”. Monetary Policy Department and the Payments Department of the Riksbank. Riksbank of Sweden. Economic Commentaries, 4 (11 June 2020): 1-15.

Asensio, Angel. 2015. “Money Neutrality”. Entry in Rochon & Rossi, The Encyclopedia of Central Banking. 366-367.

Assenmacher, Katrin & Claus Brand. 2018. “The Swiss Sovereign Money Initiative”. Credit and Capital Markets, 51/4: 621-644.

Baeriswyl, Romain. 2017. “The Case for the Separation of Money and Credit”. In Heinemann, F., Klüh, U., and Watzka, S. (Eds), 2017, Monetary Policy, Financial Crises, and the Macroeconomy, Cham: Springer, pp. 105–21.

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—–, —–. 2005. New Paradigm in Macroeconomics: Solving the Riddle of Japanese Macroeconomic Performance. Basingstoke, UK & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

—–, —–. 2012a. “Towards a new research programme on ‘banking and the economy’ — Implications of the Quantity Theory of Credit for the prevention and resolution of banking and debt crises”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 25/5 (December 2012): 94-105.

—–, —–. 2012b. “How to Turn Banks into Financial Intermediaries and Restore Money Creation and Allocation Powers to the State”. University of Southampton, Center for Banking, Finance and Sustainable Development, Policy Discussion Paper, No. 3-12 (8 Nov 2012): 2-9.

—–, —–. 2012c. “Time for Green Quantitative Easing: How to Generate Green, Sustainable Growth at No Cost”. Policy News 3/1. Southampton: University of Southampton, Centre for Banking, Finance and Sustainable Development.

—–, —–. 2014a. “Can a bank create money out of nothing? Using accounting information to test the three theories of banking empirically”. Finance and sustainable development discussion paper, CBFSD 2-2014, Southampton. University of Southampton Center for Banking.

—–, —–. 2014b. “Can banks individually create money out of nothing? The theories and the empirical evidence”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 36 (2014): 1–19.

—–, —–. 2014c. “How do banks create money, and why can other firms not do the same? An explanation for the coexistence of lending and deposit-taking”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 36 (2014): 71–77.

—–, —–. 2015a. “Credit Creation”. Entry in Rochon & Rossi, The Encyclopedia of Central Banking. 116-118.

—–, —–. 2015b. “Credit Guidance”. Entry in Rochon & Rossi, The Encyclopedia of Central Banking. 123-125.

—–, —–. 2015c. “Quantity Theory of Credit ”. Entry in Rochon & Rossi, The Encyclopedia of Central Banking. 416-418.

—–, —–. 2016. “A lost century in economics: Three theories of banking and the conclusive evidence”. International Review of Financial Analysis, 46 (July 2016): 361-379.

—–, —–. 2018a. “Shifting from Central Planning to a Decentralised Economy”. Paper presented at the 14th Rhodes Forum: Dialogue of Civilisations Research Institute, Panel 2: Economic Alternatives when Conventional Models Fail, Rhodos, Greece, on 1 October 2016 and at the 4th European Conference on Banking and the Economy (ECOBATE 2016), in Winchester Guildhall, Winchester UK, on 12 October 2016.

—–, —–. 2018b. “Interest Rate Moves – Causes and Consequences for Investors“. PowerPoint Presentation, Hook, UK, 1 Feb 2018.

White, William. 2023. “Why The Monetary Policy Framework in Advanced Countries Needs Fundamental Reform”.Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series 210.

Whittlesey, Charles R. 1935. “Banking and the New Deal”. Public Policy Pamphlet No. 16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wicksell, Knut. 1898 (1936). Interest and Prices. Translated by Richard Kahn. London: Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society.

Wray, L. Randall. 1990. Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: The Endogenous Money Approach. Aldershot, UK and Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

—–, —–. 1999. “An Irreverent Overview of the History of Money from the Beginning of the Beginning through to the Present”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21/4: 679-687.

—–, —–. (Ed). 2004. Credit and State Theories of Money. The Contributions of A. Mitchell-Innes. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

—–, —–. 2012. “Introduction to an Alternative History of Money”. Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper 717.

WRR. 2019. Money and Debt: The Public Role of Banks – Summary of WRR Report. The Hague: Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy.

Yamaguchi, Kaoru. 2004. “Money Supply and Creation of Deposits: SD macroeconomic modeling (1)”. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Oxford, England, 2004. The System Dynamics Society.

—–, —–. 2005. “Aggregate Demand Equilibria and Price Flexibility: SD macroeconomic modeling (2)”. In Proceedings of the 23nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Boston, USA, 2005. The System Dynamics Society.

—–, —–. 2006. “Integration of Real and Monetary Sectors with Labor Market: SD macroeconomic modeling (3)”. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 2006. The System Dynamics Society.

—–, —–. 2007. “Balance of Payments and Foreign Exchange Dynamics: SD macroeconomic modeling (4)”. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Boston, USA, 2007. The System Dynamics Society.

Yamaguchi, Kaoru. 2008. “Open Macroeconomies as a Closed Economic System: SD macroeconomic modeling completed (5)”. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Athens, Greece, 2008.

—–, —–. 2010. “On the Liquidation of Government Debt under A Debtfree Money System: Modeling the American Monetary Act”. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Seoul, Korea, 2010. The System Dynamics Society.

—–, —–. 2011. “Workings of a Public Money System of Open Macroeconomies: Modeling the American Monetary Act Completed”. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Washington D.C., USA, 2011. The System Dynamics Society.

—–, —–. 2012. “On the Monetary and Financial Stability under A Public Money System (Revised): Modeling the American Monetary Act Simplified”. Paper presented at the 8th Annual AMI Monetary Reform Conference in Chicago, USA, Sept. 20 – 23, 2012. It was originally presented at the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, St. Gallen, Switzerland, July 22 – 26, 2012.

—–, —–. 2014-17. “Money and Macroeconomic Dynamics: Accounting System Dynamics Approach“. Edition 3.2. Awaji Island, Japan: Japan Future Research Center.

—–, —–. 2014. “From Debt Money to Public Money System – Modeling A Transition Process Simplified“. Paper presented at the 32nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Delft, Netherlands, July 20 – 24, 2014. Awaji Island, Japan: Japan Futures Research Center.

—–, —–. 2017a. “A Transition to the Public Money System”. Chapter 17 in: Yamaguchi, Kaoru. 2014-17. “Money and Macroeconomic Dynamics: Accounting System Dynamics Approach“. Edition 3.2. Awaji Island, Japan: Japan Future Research Center.

—–, —–. 2017b. “Money and Its Creation”. Chapter 5 in: Yamaguchi, Kaoru. 2014-17. “Money and Macroeconomic Dynamics: Accounting System Dynamics Approach“. Edition 3.2. Awaji Island, Japan: Japan Future Research Center.

—–, —– & Yamaguchi, Yokei. 2016. “Peer-to-Peer Public Money System”. Japan Futures Research Center, Working Paper No. 02-2016, Nov 2016.

—–, —– & —–, —–. . 2016. “Head and Tail of Money Creation and its System Design Failures: Toward the Alternative System Design“. JFRC Working Paper No. 01-2016. Japan Futures research Center.

—–, —–. & —–, —–.. 2019. “Money Stock Equals Total Domestic Debts: Theory of Debt Money“. JFRC Working Paper No. 04-2019. Japan Futures Research Center.

Yang, Xuechun. 2019. “Credit as a Crux in China’s Economic Growth: Credit Expansion and its Influences on China’s Real Economy“. Unpublished Master Thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Management, Technology and Economics (MTEC), Swiss Federal Institute Of Technology, Zurich.

Zaman, Asad. 2016. “The Battle for the Control of Money“. Journal of King Abdul Aziz University: Islamic Economics, 29/2 (July 2016): 75-80.

Zarlenga, Stephen. 2004. “The Lost Science of Money“. European Business Review, 16/5: 540-44.

—–, —–. 2005. “Moving Monetary Reform to the ‘Front Burner’”. American Review of Political Economy, 3/1 (March 2005): 39-84.

—–, —–. 2010c. “Refutation of Menger’s Theory of the Origin of Money“. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

—–, —–. 2011. “How the Economists Facilitated the Crisis and Must Now Be Held Accountable”. Address at the Eastern Economic Association, 26 Feb 2011. In 3 parts. Huffington Post. The Blog. 7 June 2011. Part I ; Part II ; Part III

—–, —– & Poteat, Robert. 2016. “The Nature of Money in Modern Economy: Implications and Consequences”. Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, 29/2 (July 2016): 57-73.

Zeddies, Lino. N.D. “Profit opportunities for the banking system due to deposit money creation and potentials of a sovereign money reform”. Master Thesis at the Department of Economics, Free University Berlin.

Zhu, Yu & Scott Hendry. 2018. “A Framework for Analyzing Monetary Policy in an Economy with E-money“. Available at SSRN 3318915.

C. Critiques of Just Money Theory and Reform (and responses to critiques) & MMT Discussion (critiques and responses to critiques)

C.1. Critiques of Just Money Theory

Aguilar, Victor. 2006. “An Answer To Stephen Zarlenga”. Axiomatic Theory of Economics web site.

Bacchetta, Philippe. 2017. “The Sovereign Money Initiative in Switzerland”. Swiss Finance Institute / CEPR / Université de Lausanne. [For rebuttal see Huber 2017c and Gomez 2017].

Challen, Peter & Mouatt, Simon & Shakespeare, Rodney. 2011. “The State-Issue of Currency without Usury”. In: Mouatt, Simon & Adams, Carl (Eds), Corporate and Social Transformation of Money and Banking. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 205-218.

Deutsche Bundesbank. “The Role of Banks, Non- Banks and the Central Bank in the Money Creation Process”. Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Report, 69/4 (April 2017): 13-33. [for Critical notes see Huber 2017d].

Dixhoorn, Charlotte Van. 2013. “Full Reserve Banking: An analysis of four monetary reform plans“. A Study For The Sustainable Finance Lab, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Dow, Sheila. 2016. “The Political Economy of Monetary Reform”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40/5: 1363–1376.

—–, —– & Johnsen, Gudrun & Montagnoli, Alberto. 2015. “A Critique of Full Reserve Banking”. Sheffield Economic Research Paper no. 2015008.

Fontana, G. & Sawyer, M. 2016. “Full Reserve Banking: More ‘Cranks’ than ‘Brave Heretics”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40/5: 1333–1350 [Response by Dyson et al 2016].

Goodhart, Charles A. E. & Jensen, Meinhard A. 2015. “A Commentary on Patrizio Lainà’s ‘Proposals for Full-Reserve Banking: A Historical Survey from David Ricardo to Martin Wolf’: Currency School versus Banking School: An Ongoing Confrontation”. Economic Thought, 4/2 (28 Sep 2015): 20-31.

Grussner, Kaj. 2010. “The Dangers of Monetary Reform”. Mises Daily Articles. 18 Feb 2010.

Lietaer, Bernard et al. 2012. Money and Sustainability. The Missing Link. Axminster: Triarchy Press.

Mouatt, Simon. 2008. “Evaluating Stephen Zarlenga’s Treatment of Historical Monetary Thought”. International Journal of Social Economics, 35/11: 846-856.

Musgrave, Ralph. 2014. “The Solution is Full Reserve / 100 % Reserve Banking”. MPRA Working Paper No. 57955, 14 Aug 2014.

Nersisyan, Y. & Wray, L. Randall. 2016. “Modern Money Theory and the Facts of Experience”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40/5: 1297–1316

Pettitfor, Ann. 2014a. “Why I disagree with Martin Wolf and Positive Money”. Prime, 26 April 2014. [Response by Positive Money 2014].

—–, —–. 2014b. “Out of thin air: Why banks must be allowed to create money”. Juncture 21/1: 43-47.

Ricks, Morgan. 2017. “Safety First: The Deceptive Allure of Full Reserve Banking”. A response to Adam J. Levitin, “Safe Banking: Finance and Democracy”. Vanderbilt University Law School Public Law and Legal Theory, Working Paper Number 16-35. The University of Chicago Law Review Online, 83/1: 113-23.

Rimkus, Ron. 2016. “Vollgeld: What It Means for Fractional Reserve Banking in Switzerland”. CFA Institute.

van Suntum, Ulrich & Neugebauer, Tom. 2015. “Vollgeld, Public Debt, and the Natural Rate of Interest”. Working Paper, Centrum für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung Münster (CAWM), June 2015. [Response by Huber 2015b].

Walser, Rudolf & Baumberger, Jörg. 2014. “Empty Hopes for Full Reserve Banking: Why measured steps are a better way of reforming the financial system than bold leaps”. Avenir Suisse, 25 Mar 2014.

Wray, Randall L. 2014. “Debt-Free Money: A Non-Sequitur in Search of a Policy”. New Economic Perspectives. 1 July 2014.

C.2. Responses to Critiques of Sovereign Monetary Theory and Reform

Distelhorst, Dick. 2012 “Review of The Future of Money by Bernard Lietaer”. Published by London: Arrow Books, 2001. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute. [Responding to Lietear, 2012]

Dyson, Ben & Graham Hodgson, & Frank van Lerven. 2016. “A response to critiques of ‘full reserve banking’”. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 40/5: 1351-1361. [Response to Fontana, G. & Sawyer, M. 2016].

Gomez, Christian. 2017. “M. Bacchetta, the Swiss Banking Association and the Economic Science: An ill-assorted Love Triangle. A reply to Ph. Bacchetta’s Article: “The Sovereign Money Initiative in Switzerland: An Assessment”. [Rebuttal of Bacchetta 2017].

Huber, Joseph. 2014-18. “Confronting Criticism”. Sovereign Money: Website for New Currency Theory and Monetary Reform.

—–, —–. 2015b. “Side notes to van Suntum, Ulrich & Neugebauer, Tom”. Sovereign Money: Website for New Currency Theory and Monetary Reform. 2015.

—–, —–. 2017d. ”Critical notes on the Bundesbank publication “Remarks on a 100% reserve requirement for sight deposits“ in Bundesbank Monthly Report, Vol. 69, No. 4, April 2017, 30 – 33”. Sovereign Money: Website for New Currency Theory and Monetary Reform.

Positive Money. 2014. “Why we Disagree with Ann Pettifor”. London: Positive Money, 27 June 2014. [Response to Pettifor 2014].

—–, —–. 2015. “Sovereign Money – Common Critiques”. London: Positive Money, 22 Aug 2015.

Discussions on Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)

C.3. Critiques of MMT:

Byrne, Adrian & Hodgson, Graham. 2019. “Modern Monetary Theory and Monetary Reform Considered“. The Money Question, 27 Sep 2019 [defunct].

Eder, Jeff. 2020. “The Deficit Myth and Modern Monetary Theory Revised: The Canadian Version“. Review of The Deficit Myth by Stephanie Kelton. Progressive Money Canada, July 2020.

—–, —–. 2021. “Modern Money, Forget Theory: Debunking the MMT S(TAB) Hypothesis”. Progressive Money Canada, April 2021.

—–, —–. 2022. “Steve Keen has lost his way in a Minsky Maze”. Progressive Money Canada. [Response to Keen, 2022]

Epstein, Gerald A. 2019. What’s Wrong with Modern Money Theory? A Policy Critique. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave.

Every, Michael. 2019. “Mmm . . . MMT“. Utrecht: Rabobank/RaboResearch, 15 April 2019.

Febrero, Eladio. 2009. “Three Difficulties with Neo-chartalism“. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 31/3: 523-541.

Fiebiger, Brett. 2012. “Modern Money Theory and the ‘Real-World’ Accounting of 1-1<0: The U.S. Treasury Does Not Spend as per a Bank”. In: Fiebiger, Brett et al. 2012. Modern Monetary Theory: A Debate.

—–, —–. 2012. “A Rejoinder to ‘Modern Money Theory: A Response to Critics’ ”. In: Fiebiger, Brett et al. 2012. Modern Monetary Theory: A Debate.

Harrison, Edward. 2019. “MMT For Dummies”. Credit Writedowns, Mar 1 2019.

Henwood, Doug. 2019. “Modern Monetary Theory Isn’t Helping“. Jacobin, 21 Feb 2019.

Huber, Joseph. 2013. “Modern Money and Sovereign Currency”. Sovereign Money: Website for New Currency Theory and Monetary Reform.

—–, —–. 2014a. “Modern Money Theory and New Currency Theory”. Real-World Economics Review, 66, (13 Jan 2014): 38-57.

—–, —–. 2019a. “Modern Money Theory revisited – still the same false promise“. Sovereign Money, March 2019.

Lavoie, Marc. 2013. “The monetary and fiscal nexus of neo-chartalism: a friendly critique“. Journal of Economic Issues, 47/1: 1-32.

—–, —–. 2022. “MMT, sovereign currencies and the Eurozone“. Review of Political Economy, 34/4: 633-646.

Lonergan, Eric. 2016. “Debt-Free Money: A Brief Reply to Randall Wray“. London, Positive Money.

—–, —–. 2016. “Accounting as Religion: Buffett, Derrida, and MMT“. London, Positive Money.

Miles, Derrick. 2021. “MMT and the Green Party: A GPWA Member Perspective”. Real Progressives, 30 Jan 2021.

Mitchell, Rodger Malcolm. 2018. “The Stunning Differences Between MMT And MS“. Monetary Sovereignty – Mitchell.

Mueller, Antony P. 2019. “The magic money tree: The case against modern monetary theory (MMT)”. Research Paper Series Adam Smith Institute (ASI), UK.

Murphy, Robert P. 2011. “The Upside-Down World of MMT“. Mises Daily Articles, 23 Jan 2019. Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Musgrave, Ralph. 2014. “Charlotte Van Dixhoorn criticises Positive Money“. Ralphonomics, 12 May 2014. [Responding to van Dixhoorn, 2013]

—–, —–. 2015. “Money, Fiscal Policy, and Interest Rates: A Critique of Modern Monetary Theory“. Review of Political Economy, 27/1: 1-23. Also published as IMK Working Paper, No. 109, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Institut für Makroökonomie und Konjunkturforschung (IMK), Düsseldorf.

—–, —–. 2019. “Macroeconomics vs. Modern Money Theory: Some Unpleasant Keynesian Arithmetic“. Post Keynesian Economics Society, Working Paper, No. 1910.

Roche, Cullen. 2011. “Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) Critique“. Pragmatic Capitalism, 7 Sept 2011.

Schuller, Govert. 2018. “Introduction to the Problem with Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)“. Alpheus, 6 Nov 2018.

—–, —–. 2020a. “Requesting Evidence for a Crucial MMT Claim”. Blog. Alliance For Just Money, 16 Aug 2020.

—–, —–. 2020b. “Triple-column Comparison between Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), the Actual Monetary System, and Sovereign Money Reform (SMR)”. Blog. Alliance For Just Money, 21 Sept 2020.

—–, —–. 2020c. “ ‘What’s Wrong with Modern Money Theory?’: A Summary”. Blog. Alliance For Just Money, 5 Oct 2020.

—–, —–. 2022. “Did Ryan Collins go MMT?”. Paper presented at the American Monetary Institute conference, October 8, 2022. Video here.

Walsh, Steven & Zarlenga, Stephen. 2012. “Evaluation of Modern Monetary Theory”. AMI Research Paper.

C.4. Pro-MMT & Responses to Critiques of MMT

Bell [Kelton], Stephanie. 2000 “Do Taxes and Bonds Finance Government Spending?“. Journal of Economic Issues, 34/3: 603-620.

Berkeley, A., Ryan-Collins, J., Tye, R., Voldsgaard, A. and Wilson, N. 2022. “The self-financing state: An institutional analysis of government expenditure, revenue collection and debt issuance operations in the United Kingdom”. UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2022-08)

Carter, Zach. 2018. “Stephanie Kelton Has The Biggest Idea In Washington“. HuffPost, 5 May 2018.

Fiebiger, Brett & Fullwiler, Scott T. & Bell, Stephanie & Wray, L. Randall. 2012. “Modern Monetary Theory: A Debate“. Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper 279, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Fullwiler, Scott T. 2010. “Modern Monetary Theory-A Primer on the Operational Realities of the Monetary System“. Available at SSRN 1723198.

—–, —– & Stephanie Bell & L. Randall Wray. 2012. “Modern Money Theory: a response to critics“. SSRN – Elsevier, 2008542, 15 Jan 2012.

Keen, Steven. 2022. “A Little Knowledge is a Dangerous Thing: Observations on the debate between MMT advocates and Progressive Money Canada founder Jeff Eder”. Planksip, 30 Sept 2022.

Kelton, Stephanie & Andres Bernal & Greg Carlock, 2018. “We Can Pay For A Green New Deal“. HuffPost, 30 Nov 2018.

Montier, James. 2019. “Why Does Everyone Hate MMT?” GMO.

Nersisyan, Y. and Wray, L. Randall. 2017. “Cranks and heretics: The importance of an analytical framework“. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41/6: 1749–60.

Ruml, Beardsley. 1946. “Taxes for Revenue are Obsolete“. American Affairs, January 1946.

Ryan-Collins, Josh. 2022. “Why the British state is a magic money tree“. The New Statesman, 26 May 2022

Tymoigne, E. and Wray, L. Randall. 2013. “Modern Money Theory 101: A Reply to Critics”. Working Paper No. 778. Annandale-on-Hudson, NY: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.

—–, —– & Wray, L. Randall. 2015. “Modern Money Theory: A Reply to Palley“. Review of Political Economy, 27/1: 24-44. .

Veale, Spencer. 2018. “Positive Money Meets Modern Monetary Theory“. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh Positive Money.

Wray, L. Randall. 2014. “From the State Theory of Money to Modern Money Theory: An Alternative to Economic Orthodoxy“. Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series, 792.

—–, —–. 2019. “Response to Doug Henwood’s Trolling in Jacobin“. New Economic Perspectives. 25 Feb 2019.

D. Non-academic Advocacy Pamphlets, Reports, Briefings & Books

AMI, 2010. “Kucinich Proposes Landmark Reform of Monetary Policy”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

AMI. 2021. “AMI Conference Statement to COP26: Regarding the Monetary Dimension of Climate Change”. 11 Nov 2021. IL: American Monetary Institute.

Anon. 2019. “Open Letter: Rethinking the Role of Banks in Economics Education”. Rethink Economics.

Bikas, Konstantin & Livingstone, Zack. 2020. “Money We Trust: Designing Cash’s Digital Counterpart”. London: Positive Money.

Bongiovanni, Joe. 2016a. “That’s Not The Devil, That’s Real Money“. Econintersect, 8 Feb 2016.

—–, —–. 2016b. “Further Considerations On Lord Turner’s Monetary Finance Proposal“. Econintersect, 3 April 2016.

Bossone, Biagio & Costa Massimo. 2018. “The ‘accounting view’ of Money: Money as Equity (Part II)“. All About Finance, World Bank Blog, 21 May 2018.

Clarke, David. 2013. “How the Green party is miles ahead of the game on monetary policy”. Another Angry Voice. Blog.

—–, —–. 2017. “Poll Shows 85% of MPs Don’t Know Where Money Comes From“. London: Positive Money.

Coates, Delman. 2017. “The New Abolitionism: Monetary Reform and the Future of Social Justice”. The New Abolitionism Campaign for Monetary Freedom.

Coleridge, Greg . 2009. “A Call to Democratize Money”, Part I. By What Authority.

Cook, Richard C. 2007a. “An Emergency Program of Monetary Reform for the United States”. Global Research, 26 April 2007.

—–, —–. 2007b. “Monetary Reform and How a National Monetary System Should Work”. Global Research, 11 May 2007.

—–, —–. 2007c. “Credit as a Public Utility: the Key to Monetary Reform“. Global Research, 26 May 2007.

—–, —–. 2009a. “It’s Time for a New Monetary System”. Global Research, 23 Mar 2009.

—–, —–. 2009b. “Democratizing the US Monetary System: Urgency of the American Monetary Act”. Global Research, 6 May 2009.

—–, —–. 2009. We Hold These Truths: The Hope of Monetary Reform. Aurora, CO: Tendril Press. Review by Jamie Walton for AMI, 23 Dec 2010.

Daly, Herman. 2013. “Nationalize Money, not Banks”. The Daly News, 4 Feb 2013.

Dawnay, Emma. 2017. “Souvereign Money Initiative: The Background to the National Referendum on Sovereign Money In Switzerland“. Wettingen, Switzerland: Verein Monetäre Modernisierung (MoMo).

De Fremery, Robert. 1979. “Nozick and Locke’s Proviso”. A review of Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Land & Liberty (Nov-Dec 1979).

—–, —–. 1992. Rights vs. Privileges: An Analysis Of Two Powerful Privileged Interests That Have Deprived Us Of Fundamental Rights. San Anselmo, CA: Provocative Press.

Distelhorst, Dick. N.d. “The Dick Distelhorst Plan“. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

—–, —–. 2010. “Here’s the Blueprint for Prosperity for All”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

Dyson, Ben. 2016. “KPMG Iceland presents new report on Sovereign Money”. International Movement for Monetary Reform, 5 Sep 2016.

—–, —– & Hodgson, Graham. 2014. “Increasing Competition In Payment Services”. London: Positive Money.

—–, —– & —–, —–. 2016. “Accounting for Sovereign Money: Why State-Issued Money is not ‘Debt’“. London: Positive Money.

—–, —– & —–, —–. 2016. “Digital Cash: Why Central Banks Should Start Issuing Electronic Money”. London: Positive Money.

—–, —– & Tony Greenham & Josh Ryan-Collins & Richard A. Werner. 2010. “Towards a Twenty-First Century Banking and Monetary System”. Submission to the Independent Commission on Banking, 2010.

—–, —– & Graham Hodgson & Frank van Lerven. 2016. “Sovereign Money: An Introduction”. London: Positive Money.

—–, —– & Graham Hodgson & Andrew Jackson. 2015. “Would a Sovereign Monetary System Be Flexible Enough?” London: Positive Money.

Eder, Jeff. 2019. “The Costs of Money Creation and Complexity“. Progressive Money Canada.

Egnatz, Nick. 2013. “Occupying the NEED Act”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

—–, —–. 2014a. “Getting What We NEED”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

—–, —–. 2014b. “Linking Social Justice to Monetary Reform”. Alpheus. 25 Dec 2014.

—–, —–. 2015. “Surgery Prescribed for the Debt Money Disease: Fighting for the NEED Act”. Alpheus. 14 Oct 2015.

—–, —–. 2019a. “The Constitution and a Just System of Money“. Alliance For Just Money, 19 July 2019.

—–, —–. 2019b. “Challenging the Economics Profession“. Alliance For Just Money, 2 Nov 2019.

—–, —–. 2023. Money Creation 101: Change Our Money – Change Our World.

—–, —–. 2024. History of Money 101: Change Our Money – Change Our World.

Emry, Sheldon. 1984. “Billions for Bankers–Debts for the People“. Lord’s Covenant Church.

Erken, Hugo & Every, Michael & van Harn, Erik-Jan. 2020. “Money printing: First, do no harm“. Utrecht: Rabobank/RaboResearch, 20 July 2020.

Fisher, Irving & Cohrssen, Hans R.L. 1934. Stable Money: A History of the Movement. New York: Adelphi Company.

Fuller, Edward W. 2019. “100% Banking and Its Advocates: A Brief History“. The Cobden Centre, 30 Oct 2019.

Gomez, Christian. 2017. “M. Bacchetta, the Swiss Banking Association and the Economic Science: An Ill-assorted Love Triangle. A reply to Ph. Bacchetta’s Article: “The Sovereign Money Initiative in Switzerland: An Assessment”. [Rebuttal of Bacchetta 2017].

Greco, Thomas H, Jr. 1990. Money and Debt: A Solution to the Global Crisis. Knowledge Systems

—–, —–. 2001. Money: Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender. White River Junction, VT & London, UK: Chelsea Green.

—–, —–. 1994. New Money for Healthy Communities. Greco Publishing.

—–, —–. 2009. The End of Money and the Future of Civilization. White River Junction, VT & London, UK: Chelsea Green.

Grewal, Subir. 2020. Struggling Amidst Plenty: A Layperson’s Guide To Our Awful Monetary System, Why it’s the Root Cause of Inequality, Debt, and “Too Big to Fail,” & The Little-Known Way to Fix It. Published by author.

Hammon, Virginia. 2018. US Money: What is it? Why We Must Change. How We Can. Portland: Great Democracy Media.

—–, —– & Pash, Mark. 2019. How We Pay for a Better World. Portland: Great Democracy Media.

Hermanutze, Derryl. 2020. A Brief History of Financial Plunder. Independently published.

Hixson, William F. 1991. A Matter of Interest: Reexamining Money, Debt, and Real Economic Growth. Westport, CT & London: Praeger.

—–, —–. 1993. Triumph of the Bankers. Money and Banking in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Westport, CT & London: Praeger.

—–, —–. 1997. It’s Your Money. Canada: Comer Publications.

—–, —–. 2013. “Banking, Finance and Income Inequality”. London, Positive Money.

Hummel, Sam. 2022a. “Global Study on Monetary Literacy Finds Massive Illiteracy & Disapproval“. Sam Thinks out Loud on Substack, 21 Jan 2022.

—–, —–. 2022b. “The Bank of England Says Economics Textbooks Teach Falsehoods About Money and Banking“. Sam Thinks out Loud on Substack, 23 March 2022.

—–, —–. 2022c. “80% of People Have a Mistaken Understanding of the Relationship Between Money and the Economy“. Sam Thinks out Loud on Substack, 19 May 2022.

—–, —–. 2022d. “Here’s the Proof that Banking Crises Simply Don’t Need to Happen. Period“. Sam Thinks out Loud on Substack, 4 June 2022.

—–, —–. 2022e. “One Paragraph Summaries of Top Papers for Understanding Bank Money Creation and Its Economic Effects“. Sam Thinks out Loud on Substack, 29 Sept 2022.

—–, —–. 2022f. “Who Owns and Controls Your Country’s Central Bank? It May Not Be Who You Think“. Sam Thinks out Loud on Substack, 6 Oct 2022.

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—–, —–. 2015. Other People’s Money. London: Profile Books.

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Kennedy, Margrit. 1995. Interest and Inflation Free Money. No place: Seva International.

Keynes, John M. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan.

King, Mervyn. 2016. The End of Alchemy: Money, Banking and the Future of the Global Economy. WW Norton & Company.

Knafo, Samuel, 2013. The Making of Modern Finance: Liberal Governance and the Gold Standard. Abingdon: Routledge.

Knapp, Georg Friedrich. 1973 (1924). The State Theory of Money. New York: A.M. Kelley.

Koo, Richard. 2014. The Escape from Balance Sheet Recession and the QE Trap. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

Korten, David C. 1995. When Corporations Rule the World. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

—–, —–. 1999. The Post-corporate World: Life after Capitalism. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

—–, —–. 2007. The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

—–, —–. 2010. Agenda for a New Economy: From Phantom Wealth to Real Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. (Excerpt)

Kotlikoff, Laurence J. 2010. Jimmy Stewart is Dead. Ending the World’s Ongoing Plague with Limited Purpose Banking. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Kregel, Jan. 2012: “Minsky and the Narrow Banking Proposal”. Public Policy Brief, Levy Institute of Bard College, 125: 4–8.

Kuzminski, Adrian. 2013. The Ecology of Money: Debt, Growth, and Sustainability. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Lester, Richard A. 1970 (1939). Monetary Experiments. New York: A. M. Kelley.

Lonergan, Eric. 2014. Money (The Art of Living). Second edition. Oxon, UK & New York: Routledge.

Macleod, Henry Dunning. 1889. The Theory of Credit. London: Longmans, Green.

Mairet, Philip. 1934. The Douglas Manual. London: Stanley Nott.

Marshall, Alfred. 1923. Money, Credit and Commerce. London: Macmillan.

Martin, Felix. 2015. Money: The Unauthorized Biography from Coinage to Cryptocurrencies. New York: Vintage.

Marx, Karl. 1976 (1867). Capital, Volume 1. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.

Mehrling, Perry. 2011. The New Lombard Street. How the Fed Became the Dealer of Last Resort. Princeton University Press.

Michell, J. 2016. “Do Shadow Banks Create Money? ‘Financialisation’ and the Monetary Circuit”. Economics Working Paper no. 1602, University of the West of England, Bristol.

Minsky, Hyman. 1994. “Financial Instability and the Decline(?) of Banking: Public Policy Considerations”. Working Paper No. 127, Levy Economics Institute.

Munson, Gorham 1945. Aladdin’s Lamp. The Wealth of the American People. New York: Creative Age Press.

Nason, James M., and Ellis W. Tallman. 2015. “Business cycles and financial crises: The roles of credit supply and demand shocks”. Macroeconomic Dynamics 19/4: 836-882.

Neumann, Manfred J.M. 1992. “Seigniorage in the United States: How Much does the US Government Make from Money Production?”. Federal Reserve of St. Louis, Research Review 03/1992, March-April.

Niepelt, Dirk. 2015. “Reserves for everyone – towards a new monetary regime?” VOX Policy Portal, 21 Jan 2015.

Palley, Thomas I. 2014. “The Critics of Modern Money Theory (MMT) are Right“. IMK Working Paper, No. 132, Institut für Makroökonomie und Konjunkturforschung (IMK), Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf.

Pennacchi, George. 2012. “Narrow Banking”. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 4/1: 141-159.

Perry, Geraldine. 2016. “American Dreams Destroyed by Debt and a Constitution Denied“. Dissident Voice (6 May 2016).

Pettifor, Ann. 2006. The Coming First World Debt Crisis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

—–, —–. 2013. “The Power to Create Money out of Thin Air: A Review Essay of Geoffrey Ingham’s Capitalism”. Policy Research in Macroeconomics, Jan 2013.

Philipps, Chester Arthur. 1920. Bank Credit. New York: Macmillan.

Reiff, George. 2016. “Goethe and the Creation of Money: FAUST II”. George Reiff on academia.edu.

Reinhart, Carmen M. & Rogoff, Kenneth S. 2009. This Time is Different. Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press.

Rothbard, Murray N. 2008 (1983). The Mystery of Banking. 2nd. Edition, Ludwig von Mises Instiute.

Rowbotham, Michael. 1998. The Grip of Death: A Study of Modern Money, Debt Slavery, and Destructive Economics. Charbury, UK: John Carpenter.

Ryan-Collins, Josh 2015: “Is Monetary Financing Inflationary? A Case Study of the Canadian Economy, 1935–75”. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No. 848, October 2015.

—–, —– & Richard A. Werner, and Jennifer Castle. 2016. “A half-century diversion of monetary policy? An empirical horse-race to identify the UK variable most likely to deliver the desired nominal GDP growth rate”. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 43 (2016): 158-176.

Sargent, Thomas J. & Wallace, Neil. 1982. “The Real-Bills Doctrine Versus the Quantity Theory: A Reconsideration“. Journal of Political Economy, 90/6: 1212-1236.

Sawyer, M. 2013. Endogenous Money, Circuits and Financialisation. Leeds, UK: Leeds University Business School.

Schemmann, Michael. 2012. Liquid Money – The Final Thing. Federal Reserve and Central Bank Accounts for Everyone. Durham, NC: IICPA Publications.

—–, —–. 2012. “Accounting Perversion in Bank Financial Statements: Root Cause of the Ongoing Global Financial Crisis”. IICPA Publications.

—–, —–. 2015. “Putting a Stop to Fictitious Bank Accounting”. IICPA Publications.

Schumpeter, Joseph. 1934 (1912). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

—–, —–. 1954. History of Economic Analysis. London: Allen and Unwin.

Shaxson, Nicholas. 2018. The Finance Curse: How Global Finance Is Making Us All Poorer. New York & London: Penguin.

Simons, Henry C. 1948. ”Positive Programme for Laissez Faire: Some Proposals for a Liberal Economic Policy” and “Rules versus Authorities in Monetary Policy”. Both articles in: H.C. Simons. 1948. Economic Policy for a Free Society, The University of Chicago Press. First published as ‘Rules versus…’, The Journal of Political Economy, 44 (1936) 1–30.

Sklansky, Jeffrey. 2012. “The Elusive Sovereign: New Intellectual and Social Histories of Capitalism”. Modern Intellectual History, 9/1: 233-248.

—–, —–. 2017. Sovereign of the Market: The Money Question in Early America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Soddy, Frederick. 1926. Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt. London: Allen & Unwin.

—–, —–. 1934. The Role of Money. What it should be, contrasted with what it has become. London: George Routledge and Sons Ltd.

Stiglitz, Joseph et al. 2010. The Stiglitz Report. Reforming the International Monetary and Financial Systems in the Wake of the Global Crisis. New York & London: The New Press.

Tallman, Ellis W., and Elmus Wicker. 2010. “Banking and Financial Crises in United States History: What Guidance can History Offer Policymakers?” MPRA Paper No. 21839.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. 1992 (1962). “Modern Money Mechanics“. Chicago, IL: Public Information Center, The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.

Tobin, James. 1992. “Money”. In: Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., Newman, P. (Eds), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Money and Finance, vol. 2, London: Macmillan. 770 – 779.

Turner, Adair. 2015. Between Debt and the Devil: Money, Credit, and Fixing Global Finance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

van Doornen, Heske. 2017. “Going Beyond Exchange“. Economic Questions, Blog of the Young Scholars Initiative, 15 May 2017.

Verhagen, Frans C. 2012. The Tierra Solution: Resolving Climate Change Through Monetary Transformation. New York: Cosimo Books.

Werner, Richard A. 2014. “Enhanced Debt Management: Solving the Eurozone Crisis by Linking Debt Management with Fiscal and Monetary Policy”. Journal of International Money and Finance, 49 (Dec 2014): 443-469.

Wicker, Elmus. 2015. The Great Debate on Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed. Columbus, OH: Ohio State U.P.

Withers, Hartley 1909. The Meaning of Money. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Wolf, Martin. 2015. The Shifts and the Shocks: What We’ve Learned–and Have Still to Learn–from the Financial Crisis. New York & London: Penguin.

Wood, John H. 1981. “Benjamin Franklin and Monetary Policy in Colonial Pennsylvania”. Economic Perspectives, 5/2: 22-23.

Wortmann, Edgar. 2019. “Ons Geld, Vollgeld and Positive Money“. Ons Geld, 9 Sept 2019.

Yamaguchi, Kaoru.1988. Beyond Walras, Keynes, and Marx: Synthesis in Economic Theory Toward a New Social Design. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

—–, —–. 1990. “Fundamentals of a new economic paradigm in the information age”. Futures, 22/10: 1023-1036.

—–, —–. 2003. “Principle of Accounting System Dynamics: Modeling corporate financial statements”. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, New York, USA, 2003. System Dynamics Society.

—–, —–. 2008. “Logical vs Historical Time in a Price Adjustment Mechanism”. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2009. The System Dynamics Society.

Yuran, Noam, 2014. What Money Wants: An Economy of Desire. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Zarlenga, Stephen. 1999. “Germany’s 1923 Hyperinflation: A ‘Private’ Affair“. The Barnes Review (July-Aug): 61-7.

Zelizer, Viviana A. 1994. The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies. New York: Basic Books.

F. Journalistic Articles Addressing Monetary Reform

Aaltonen, Valtteri. 2016. “Parliament event on monetary reform paves the way for citizens’ initiative”. International Movement for Monetary Reform, 25 Oct 2016.

Agence France Press. 2015. “Iceland looks at ending boom and bust with radical money plan”. The Telegraph (UK), 31 March 2015.

Baker, Scott. 2010. “Stephen Zarlenga’s American Monetary Act: A Review“. HuffPost, 21 Dec 2010.

—–, —–. 2012. “The Instant Solution to the New Depression: Debt-free Money”. HuffPost, 4 june 2012.

—–, —–. 2015. America Is Not Broke: Four M ulti-trillion Paths to a Thriving America. Oakland, CA: Next Revelation Press.

Bholat, David & Gutierrez, Karla Martinez. 2019. “The Ownership of Central Banks“. Bank Underground, 18 Oct 2019.

Bjerg, Ole. 2015. “Who Makes our Money?: Economics and Politics in the Age of Crisis Capitalism”. Oxford Left Review, 14 (2015): 34-41.

Bjerg, Ole. 2017a. “The butcher, the brewer, the ba(n)ker and the nature of money“. London School of Economics Business Review, 1 Mar 2017.

Bjerg, Ole. 2017b. “The politics of transition: From ecology to money… and back”. Ephemera 17/1: 167-173.

Bongioivanni, Joe. 2016. “The Problem With Money And Banking: Inseparability”. Econintersect.com, 19 June 2016.

Bosley, Catherine. 2018. “Why Swiss Vollgeld Vote Has the Central Bank Nervous”. Bloomberg Businessweek, 18 Feb 2018.

Brown, Ellen. 2009. “Revive Lincoln’s Monetary Policy: An Open Letter to President Obama“. Web of Debt, 9 April 2009.

—–, —–. 2013. “What We Could Do with a Postal Savings Bank: Infrastructure that Doesn’t Cost Taxpayers a Dime“. The Web of Debt, 23 Sept 2013.

—–, —–. 2015. “Fast Track Hands the Money Monopoly to Private Banks, Permanently”. Truthout, 15 June 2015.

—–, —–. 2018. “This Radical Plan to Fund the ‘Green New Deal’ Just Might Work“. Web of Debt, 18 Dec 2018.

Cochrane, John H. 2013. “Stopping Bank Crises Before They Start”. Wall Street Journal, June 24.

Cook, Richard C. – Archive on Global Research.

—–, —–. 2007. “An Emergency Program of Monetary Reform for the United States”. Global Research, 26 April 2007.

—–, —–. 2007. “Monetary Reform and How a National Monetary System Should Work”. Global Research, 11 May 2007.

—–, —–. 2007. “Credit as a Public Utility: the Key to Monetary Reform“. Global Research, 26 May 2007.

—–, —–. 2007c. “C.H. Douglas: Pioneer of Monetary Reform”. Global Research, 24 Sep 2007.

—–, —–. 2007d. “The 2008 Presidential Election: Concepts Progressives Must Know About Monetary Policy and History”. Global Research, 14 Dec 2007.

—–, —–. 2009. “It’s Time for a New Monetary System”. Global Research, 23 Mar 2009.

—–, —–. 2009. “Democratizing the US Monetary System: Urgency of the American Monetary Act”. Global Research, 6 May 2009.

—–, —–. 2009. We Hold These Truths: The Hope of Monetary Reform. Aurora, CO: Tendril Press. Review by Jamie Walton for AMI, 23 Dec 2010.

—–, —–. 2009. “Credit As A Public Utility: The Solution to the Economic Crisis“. A video in Six Parts. Global Research, 28 Mar 2009. Part 2; Part 3; Part 4; Part 5; Part 6.

—–, —–. 2013. “The Gaia Plan“. Presentation at the Public Banking 2013: Funding the New Economy Conference, San Rafael, CA, June 2013. Public Banking TV on YouTube, 21 June 2013.

—–, —–. 2017. “The Usury Based System. Towards A Worldwide Financial Disaster?” Global Research, 27 April 2017.

—–, —–. 2019. Universal Basic Income and the 2020 Election: Redistribution by Taxing the Rich. Global Research, 18 Oct 2019.

—–, —–. 2020. “My Journey“. The Alliance For Just Money, 18 Aug 2020.

Coppola, Frances. 2014. Martin Wolf Proposes the Death of Banking”. Pieria, 25 April 2014.

Chrispin, Sebastian. 2015. “Reality Check: Could the Greens change how money works?” BBC News, 5 May 2015.

Clarke, Bill. 2001. “Case for Monetary Reform”. Prosperity, July 2001.

Daneke, Gregory A. 2023. “When Wank Became Swank: Money, Banking, and The Evolution of the All-Debt Economy“. Medium, 31 Aug 2023.

Di Muzio, Tim. 2019. “The Major Problems with Bank Money Creation“. Alliance For Just Money, 4 June 2019.

Di Muzio, Tim. 2019. “Brief Discussion of Money“. Alliance For Just Money, 21 Mar 2019. (Excerpt from The Tragedy of Human Development).

Douglas, Jason. 2015. “U.K. Activist Group Emerges as Voice for Monetary Reform”. The Wall Street Journal, 19 Aug 2015.

Dyson, Ben. 2011. “Money has been P rivatised by S tealth”. The Guardian – UK, 15 Nov 2011.

—–, —–. 2014. ”Change to UK’s money system could solve our long-term economic problems”. The Guardian, 6 Feb 2014. .

Clarke, Bill. 2001. “The Case for Monetary Reform”. Prosperity, July 2001.

Douglas, Jason. 2015. “U.K. Activist Group Emerges as Voice for Monetary Reform”. The Wall Street Journal, 19 Aug 2015.

Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose. 2012. “IMF’s Epic Plan to Conjure Away Debt and Dethrone Bankers”. The Telegraph, UK, 21 Oct 2012.

Ferguson, Paul. 2014. “Banks don’t work the way you think – but they should”. Independent (Ireland), 3 April 2014.

Graeber, David. 2014. “The truth is out: money is just an IOU, and the banks are rolling in it”. The Guardian, 18 March 2014.

—–, —–. 2019. “Against Economics“. Review of Skidelsky’s Money and Government. New York Review of Books, 66/19 (5 Dec 2019).

Grim, Ryan. 2013. “Priceless: How The Federal Reserve Bought The Economics Profession”. HuffPost, 13 May 2013.

Hickel, Jason. 2016. “To deal with climate change we need a new financial system”. The Guardian, 5 Nov 2016.

Hockett, Robert. 2020. “Digital Greenbacks“. Forbes, 17 May 2020.

Howell, John. 2017a. “Who creates money and where does it go?” The Athens Messenger, 25 Jan 2017.

—–, —–. 2017b. “Why money creation is central to most of the problems faced by society”. Athens, OH: Democracy over Corporations.

Hulsmann, Jorg Guido & Patrizio Laina & Joseph Huber & Ib Ravn & Bryan Gould. 2020. “Letter: It’s time to reconsider full reserve banking”. Financial Times (UK), 30 Aug 2020.

Joób, Mark. 2014. “The Sovereign Money Initiative in Switzerland“. World Economics Association Newsletter, 4/3 (June 2014): 6-7. (Comments here)

Jourdan, Stan. 2016. “Finland: Parliament Event on Monetary Reform Paves the Way for Citizens’ Initiative”. International Movement for Monetary Reform,25 Oct 2016.

Keen, Steve. 2015. “Nobody Understands Debt — Including Paul Krugman“. Forbes, 10 Feb 2015.

—–, —–. 2020. “A Modern Jubilee as a Cure to the Financial Ills of the Coronavirus“. Brave New Europe, 7 March 2020.

Khan, Mehreen. 2015. “Switzerland to vote on banning banks from creating money”. The Telegraph (UK), 23 Dec 2015.

Klein, Manuel. 2016. “IMMR at the World Social Forum 2016 in Montreal”. International Movement for Monetary Reform.

Krugman, Paul. 2014. “Why Weren’t Alarm Bells Ringing?” The New York Review of Books, 23 Oct 2014.

Kummer, Larry. 2012. “The lost history of money: An antidote to the myths“. Fabius Maximus Web Site, 12 Dec 2012.

Lovas, Gabriella & Black, Jeff. 2016. “Banker Who’d Revolutionize Money Says It Can Be Done From Within“. Bloomberg, 16 Aug 2016.

Lavoie, Marc. 2019. “Endorsing the Money-Creation View of Banking“. Rethinking Economics.

Lyons, Matthew. 2018. “Will Switzerland Be The First Country In The World To Introduce A Sovereign Money System?” London: Positive Money, 28 Feb 2018.

Macquarie, Rob. 2018. “A Green Bank of England: Central Banking for a Low-Carbon Economy“. London: Positive Money.

Mayer, Thomas. 2013: “Banish Fractional Reserve Banking for Real Reform”. Financial Times, 24 June 2013.

Mellor, Mary. 2019. “Our conception of money is based in fairytale – this has led us to austerity“. The Independent (UK), 21 June 2019.

Mitchell, Rodger Malcolm. 2018. “What is the real purpose of money? Gap Psychology and fairness. You may never have thought of it this way”. Monetary Sovereignty Blog, 11 May 2018.

Murphy, Richard. 2024. “Central bankers on their ability of banks to create money out of thin air“. Funding the Future, 6 Jan 2024.

Murphy, Robert P. 2020. “Do the Textbooks Get Money and Banking Backwards?“. Mises Wire, Mises Institute, 2 April 2020.

Nielsen, Robert. 2014. “Endogenous Money Or How Loans Create Deposits”. Whistling In The Wind, 7 Feb 2014.

Olson, Thomas L. 2020. “Law on the Edge: The Credit River Case and the Fixations of Jerome Daly 1960-1990“. The Minnesota Legal History Project.

Ongweso Jr, Edward. 2023. “Saule Omarova’s Plan to Remake the Financial System“. Dissent, Fall 2023.

Picchioni, Costanza. 2020. “Lessons From Libra: The Future Of Digital Currency“. The Money Question, 10 Feb 2020 [defunct].

Robbins, Richard H. 2019. “Confronting the Tyranny of the Rate of Return“. Academia.edu.

Roberts, Paul Craig & Kranzler, Dave, Hudson, Michael. “Do Financial Markets Still Exist?“. Institute for Political Economy, 12 Feb 2018.

Robertson, James. 2007. “The History of Money: From Its Origins to Our Time“. Paris: Autrement.

Roche, Cullen. 2010. “The Concept of Vertical and Horizontal Money Creation”. Seeking Alpha, 5 April 2010.

Rudnyckyj, Daromir & Sayeed, Rehan. 2019. “The Money Question in Islamic Finance“. Academia.edu, 25 Oct 2019.

Smith, Adam. 2019a. “Much Ado About 1974: The Bank of Canada and the 70s“. Understanding Canada Web Site, 23 Nov 2019.

—–, —–. 2019b. “Making the case for public money creation in Canada“. Understanding Canada Web Site, 23 May 2019.

Switzer, Howard. 2018. “Weaving a Unifying Narrative: The Money Thread“. Green Horizon, 15/36: 4-6.

The Economist. 2016. “Shake Your Money Makers”. The Economist, 27 Feb 2016.

Tily, Geoff. 2016. “Academics and Civil Society Clash on Money“. Prime Blogs, 18 July 2016.

Tuckwell, David. 2017. “Steve Keen: B anks C reate M oney, F intechs D on’t”. Altfi, 7 June 2017

Turner, Adair. 2012. “Monetary and Financial Stability: Lessons from the Crisis and from Classic Economics Texts“. Speech at South African Reserve Bank, 2 Nov 2012.

van Lerven, Frank. 2016. “A Guide to Public Money Creation: Outlining the Alternatives to Quantitative Easing“. London: Positive Money.

—–, —–. 2017a. “Setting the Record Straight: Sovereign Money is not Full-Reserve Banking“. Positive Money, 27 April 2017.

—–, —–. 2017b. “Two Thirds of Lenders Using Underhand Tactics for Consumer Loans“. Positive Money, 18 April 2018.

—–, —–. 2017c. “Inflation Rises and Living Standards Fall: How Can the Bank of England Respond?” Positive Money, 11 April 2017.

—–, —–. 2018a. “A Government is not a Household“. Positive Money, 29 Oct 2018.

—–, —–. 2018b. “The Bank of England and a 1.5°C Green Transition: Reshaping Finance“. Briefing Note, New Economics Foundation, 16 Oct 2018.

—–, —–. 2018c. “Ending the Fiscal-Monetary Tug-o-War“. Positive Money, 29 Aug 2018.

Voss, Jason. 2016. “Is This the End of Fractional Reserve Banking?”. CFA Institute.

Walsh, Steven & Zarlenga, Stephen. 2012. “Evaluation of Modern Monetary Theory”. AMI research paper. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

Walton, Jamie. 2009. “Why States Going into the Banking Business Would be a Distraction, not a Solution to their Fiscal Problem“. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

—–, —–. 2010. “Review of Ellen Brown’s The Web of Debt”. Valatie, NY: American Monetary Institute.

Whittington, Les. 2015. “Rocco Galati in court to challenge how Bank of Canada does business”. The Toronto Star, 23 Mar 2015.

Williams, Zoe. 2017. “How the Actual Magic Money Tree Works”. The Guardian, 29 Oct 2017.

Wolf, Martin. 2014. “Strip private banks of their power to create money“. Financial Times, April 24, 2014.

Wortmann, Edgar. 2018. “Design Principles for CBDC“. International Movement for Monetary Reform, 28 June 2018.

Zarlenga, Stephen. 2011a. “Greening the Dollar”. Huffington Post. The Blog, 13 July 2011.

—–, —–. 2011b. “Congressman Dennis Kucinich’s Briefing to Solve the Debt Crisis”. Huffington Post, The Blog. 11 Aug 2011.

—–, —–. 2011c. “‘Front Running’ Against Humanity in the Oil Markets”. Huffington Post, The Blog, 26 Aug 2011.

—–, —–. 2012. “Completing Our Fourth of July Declaration”. Huffington Post, The Blog, 13 July 2012.

—–, —–. 2013a. “What Would a Trillion Dollar Coin Mean?” Huffington Post, The Blog, 1 Jan 2013.

—–, —–. 2013b. “Sequesters, Shutdowns And Defaults”. Huffington Post, The Blog, 11 Oct 2013.

—–, —–. 2014b. “Obama and Holder’s Weak Call for Justice”. Huffington Post, The Blog, 26 Aug 2014.

—–, —–. 2015. “Monetary Reform and Some July 4th Thoughts”. Huffington Post, The Blog, 8 July 2015.

—–, —– & Coleridge, Greg. 2011. “Reducing U.S. Debt and Creating Jobs Through Public Control of Our Money System”. Huffington Post, The Blog, 3 May 2011.

G. Educational and Promotional Videos (and other media)

1. TOP 12 Videos

2. Videos Produced in the Monetary Reform Movement

3. Other Monetary Theory and Reform Videos of Interest

G.1. TOP 12 VIDEOS

Bjerg, Ole. 2016. “Where does money come from?“ TEDxCopenhagen, 24 May 2016.

Bongiovanni, Joe. 2013. “Why Monetary Reform Must Become Your Number One Issue“. Argusfest on YouTube, 29 Sept 2013.

Dyson, Ben. 2014. “Why Our Monetary System Is Broken and How It Can Be Fixed“. Presentation at the Economy, People and Planet conference at the Copenhagen Business School (CBS). Positive Money on YouTube, 1 Oct 2014.

Grant, Victoria. “12 year old child reveals one of the best kept secrets in the world”. Public Banking Institute, 5 May 2013.

Hammon, Virginia. 2019. “How We Can Pay for a Better World: Change the Money System“. How We Pay for a Better World, YouTube, 30 Aug 2019.

Hammon, Virginia. 2020. “A Solution to the Crisis – Just Money Now!“. How We Pay for a Better World, YouTube, 21 July 2020.

Kucinich, Dennis. 2012. “The Key to Economic Recovery; Kucinich Explains Monetary Reform”. DJ Kucinich on YouTube, 8 May 2012.

Positive Money. 2011. “A Simple Solution to the Debt Crisis“. Positive Money on YouTube, 13 Aug 2011.

—–, —–. 2013. “What Is Money?“. Positive Money on YouTube, 13 May 2013.

—–, —–. 2013. “10 year old explains the truth about where money comes from…” Positive Money on YouTube, 4 Sep 2013.

Wolf, Martin. 2014. “Case for Radical Monetary Reform“. Keynote speech at “Bridging Theory and Practice” conference organized by the Sustainable Finance Lab, Amsterdam, 14 Dec 2016. Sustainable Finance Lab on YouTube, 16 Oct 2018. (Accompanying slides)

Zarlenga, Stephen. 2009. “Nationalize the Fed: End Banks Power to Create Money”. Recorded 2 May 2009, YouTube, 22 June 2009.

. G.2. VIDEOS PRODUCED IN THE MONETARY REFORM MOVEMENT

American Monetary Institute. Collection of Videos. American Monetary Institute channel on YouTube.

Bezemer, Dirk. 2013. “Debt, a G reat Invention”. Debt, episode 1. University of Groningen on YouTube, 13 June 2013.

Boait, Fran. 2013. “How the current money system is damaging Businesses, Society and Environment“. Presentation at the Positive Money Conference, January 2013. Positive Money on YouTube, 22 Mar 2013.

—–, —–. 2014. “How does the money system affect Inequality, Housing & Environment?“. Positive Money on YouTube, 21 Dec 2014.

Bongiovanni, Joe. 2013. “Why Monetary Reform Must Become Your Number One Issue“. Argusfest on YouTube, 29 Sept 2013.

—–, —–. 2014. “Why Should GUV Borrow? Who Controls the Money?“. Economic Stability on YouTube, 25 Jan 2014.

—–, —–. 2017. “On Public Money: Thoughts on our Monetary Sytem, and our History of Public Money“. Presentation at the 2017 “Democracy Convention”, Minneapolis, MS. AMI on YouTube, 9 Aug 2017.

Chalmers, Patrick. 2013. “Why doesn’t the Media understand Money?“. Presentation at the Positive Money Conference, January 2013. Positive Money on YouTube, 22 Feb 2013.

Chick, Victoria. 2013. “Why don’t Economists understand money?” Presentation at the Positive Money Conference, January 2013. Positive Money on YouTube, 6 Mar 2013.

Coates, Delman. 2016. “The New Abolitionism: Monetary Reform and the Struggle for Human Rights “. Presentation at the 12th AMI Conference, Chicago, September 2016. AMI on YouTube, 12 Oct 2016.

—–, —–. 2017. “The New Abolitionism: Monetary Reform and the Future of Social Justice”. Presentation at the 2017 Democracy Convention, Minneapolis, MS. AMI on YouTube, 9 Aug 2017.

Collins, Josh Ryan & Gabor, Daniela & Dyson, Ben & Werner, Richard. 2014. “Money and Banking”. Rethinking Economics, London Conference, June 2014. RE YouTube Channel, 25 Aug 2014.

Constancio, Vitor. 2011. “Challenges to monetary policy in 2012”. Speech at 26th International Conference on Interest Rates, Frankfurt am Main, Vol 8, 2011.

Dawnay, Emma & Degiacomi, Maurizio. 2018. “Lessons learnt from the Swiss Referendum on Sovereign Money“. Presentation at The Future of Money – 10 Years after Lehmann and Nakamoto Conference at the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, 30 Jan 2018.

Dietz, Rob, Herman Daly, and Dan O’Neill. 2019. Enough is enough: Building a sustainable economy in a world of finite resources. YouTube, 15 Mar 2019.

Dyson, Ben. 2012. “Power of Banks vs Democracy“. Positive Money on YouTube 24 Oct 2012.

—–, —–. 2013. “How to Fix Banking“. Presentation at the Positive Money Conference, January 2013. Positive Money on YouTube, 19 Feb 2013.

—–, —–. 2014. “Why Our Monetary System Is Broken and How It Can Be Fixed“. Presentation at the Economy, People and Planet conference at the Copenhagen Business School (CBS). Positive Money on YouTube, 1 Oct 2014.

Eckrich, Lucille & Walsh, Steven. 2017. “Money, Schooling and Educators: Creating a Critically-Informed Movement for Monetary Reform and Ecojustice“. Presentation at the 2017 Democracy Convention, Minneapolis, MS. AMI on YouTube, 9 Aug 2017.

Eder, Jeff. 2020. “Banking for a Better World“. Progressive Money Canada, 6 Sep 2020.

—–, —–. 2021. “Modern Money, Forget Theory: Debunking the MMT S(TAB) Hypothesis”. Part 1. Video file. Progressive Money Canada, 29 April 2021.

—–, —–. 2021. “Modern Money, Forget Theory: How Government Financing Actually Works (TAB)S”. Part 2. Video file. Progressive Money Canada, 17 May 2021.

Funny Money. 2023. “Decolonizing International Economy: Featuring Fadhel Kabou“. Funny Money YouTube Channel, 25 Aug 2023.

Graham, M Jayson. 2021. “The Economic Narrative”. Conversation with Mr. Mark Young. Podcast. The M Jayson Graham Show, Jan 24 2021.

GREG. 2020. “Is there a Magic Money Tree? A Talk with Radhika Desai, Yasin Kaya and Gary Porter“. Video file. Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GREG), University of Manitoba, Canada, 22 Oct 2020.

Egnatz, Nick. 2016. “On Social Justice through Monetary Reform”. Presentation at the 11th AMI Conference, Chicago, September 2015. AMI on YouTube, 27 Jan 2016.

Hammon, Virginia. 2019. “How We Can Pay for a Better World: Change the Money System“. How We Pay for a Better World. YouTube, 30 Aug 2019.

—–, —–. 2020. “A Solution to the Crisis – Just Money Now!“. How We Pay for a Better World, YouTube, 21 July 2020.

Huber, Joseph. 2016. “How The Money System Works“. Presentation at the American Monetary Institute Conference, 2016. American Monetary Institute on YouTube, 16 Dec 2016.

Kucinich, Dennis. 2009. “Dennis Kucinich addresses AMI Monetary Reform Conference Participants 2009“. Presentation at the 5th AMI Conference, Chicago, September 27, 2009. AMI on YouTube, 13 Oct 2009.

—–, —–. 2010a. “Dennis Kucinich 5 Minutes on Money on House Floor”. AMI on YouTube, 16 Aug 2010.

—–, —–. 2010b. “Dennis Kucinich speaks on the American Monetary Act in House of Representatives – Part 1”. AMI on YouTube, 8 June 2010.

—–, —–. 2012. “The Key to Economic Recovery; Kucinich Explains Monetary Reform”. DJ Kucinich on YouTube, 8 May 2012.

Kumhof, Michael. 2019. “Banks are not Intermediaries of Loanable Funds“. Positiva Pengar on YouTube, 13 July 2019.

Kuypers, Stef. 2018. “Man Made Money“. TEDxTalks on YouTube, 16 Feb 2018.

Positive Money. Collection of Videos. Positive Money on YouTube.

—–, —–. 2011. “A Simple Solution to the Debt Crisis“. Positive Money on YouTube, 13 Aug 2011.

—–, —–. 2012. “House Prices: Why are they so high?“. Positive Money on YouTube, 18 Sept 2012.

—–, —–. 2012. “Why is there so much Debt?“. Positive Money on YouTube, 24 Oct 2012.

—–, —–. 2013. “What Is Money?“. Positive Money on YouTube, 13 May 2013.

—–, —–. 2013. “Inequality: Why are the rich getting richer?“. Positive Money on YouTube, 2 Aug 2013.

—–, —–. 2013. “10 year old explains the truth about where money comes from…” Positive Money on YouTube, 4 Sep 2013.

—–, —–. 2014. “Could These 3 Simple Changes to Banking Fix the Economy?” Positive Money on YouTube, 16 Jan 2014.

—–, —–. 2014. “How to waste £445 billion? (The Failure of Quantitative Easing)“. Positive Money on YouTube, 27 June 2014

—–, —–. 2014. “Banking 101“. 6 Videos. Positive Money on YouTube, 30 June 2014.

—–, —–. 2019. “It’s the banks, stupid“. Positive Money on YouTube, 8 Aug 2019.

Melor, Mary. 2010. “Money is Us: The Social and Public Nature of Money“. Presentation at the Positive Money Student Conference on Monetary Reform and Fractional Reserve Banking. In three parts. Positive Money on YouTube, 14 Dec 2010.

Morris, Miriam. 2013. “How to change the money system“. Presentation at the Positive Money Conference, January 2013. Positive Money on YouTube, 12 Mar 2013.

Poteat, Robert. 2010. “The Case for Monetary Reform“. Presentation at the 6th Annual AMI Conference, Chicago, September 2010. AMI on YouTube, 14 Oct 2010. [Not complete]

Schularick, Moritz. 2021. “Central Bank Balance Sheets and the Macroeconomy: 1587-2020“. Paris School of Economics on YouTube, 31 May 2021.

Switzer, Howard. 2017. “Climate Change and Money: Hacking at the Root“. Presentation at the 2017 Democracy Convention, Minneapolis, MS. AMI on YouTube, 14 Aug 2017.

The Monetary Institute. 2018. “Our Money, Our Banks, Our Country – Money Creation in the Modern Economy“. Conference on the Swiss Vollgeld initiative held in Zurich, Switzerland on February 5, 2018.

Tily, Geoff. 2016. “Academics and civil society clash on money“. Policy Research in Macroeconomics, 18 July 2016.

Turner, Adair. 2014. “The Need for Radical Change”. Keynote Speech, Rethinking Economics, London Conference, June 2014. RE YouTube Channel, 25 Aug 2014.

—–, —–. 2015. “A new era for monetary policy“. Positive Money YouTube Channel, 17 Feb 2015.

Walton, Jamie et al. 2017. “On Public Money: The Need Act“. Presentation at the 2017 Democracy Convention, Minneapolis, MS. AMI on YouTube, 26 Aug 2017.

Zarlenga, Stephen. 2009. “Nationalize the Fed: End Banks Power to Create Money”. Recorded 2 May 2009. YouTube, 22 June 2009.

—–, —–. 2010a. “AMI’s Purpose, Objectives and Methodology“. Presentation at the 6th Annual AMI Conference, Chicago, September 2010. AMI on YouTube, 13 Oct 2010.

—–, —–. 2010b. “Introduction to The American Monetary Institute “. AMI on YouTube, 4 Jan 2010.

G.3. OTHER MONETARY THEORY AND REFORM VIDEOS OF INTEREST

Altraide, Dagogo. 2017. “Who Controls All of Our Money?“. ColdFusion on YouTube, 11 June 2017.

—–, —–. 2020. “How is Money Created? – Everything You Need to Know”. ColdFusion on YouTube, 8 June 2020.

Anon. “Solutions Unincorporated – My Name Is William”. Interview with William Abram. D See Video Productions, 4 Feb 2013.

Anon. 2012. “Where does money come from? Waar komt geld vandaan? Var kommer pengarna ifrån?” Vastgoedzeepbel, 21 Nov 2012. .

Anon. 2013. “Hitler finds out how money is created“. Ville livarinen, 18 Sep 2013.

Bjerg, Ole. 2016. “Where does money come from? “ TEDxCopenhagen, 24 May 2016.

Brown, Ellen. 2016. “Taking Back the Money Power: The Public Option in Banking“. (Q&A). Argusfest on YouTube, 13 Nov 2016.

Bruce, Jim. 2013. “Money for Nothing: Inside the Federal Reserve“. Liberty Street Films, 7 June 2013.

Conference videos: The Future of Money – 10 years after Lehman and Nakamoto. November 2018, Frankfurt, Germany. Frankfurt School of Finance and Management.

Conference videos: The Future of Money – Central Bank Digital Currency and Beyond. 15 June 2019, Stockholm, Sweden. Positiva Pengar

Corbett, James. 2014. “Century of Enslavement“. The Corbett Report, 11 July 2014.

Dalio, Ray. 2013. “How The Economic Machine Works“. YouTube, 22 Sept 2013.

Desan, Christine. 2011. “Booms and Busts: The Legal Dynamics of Modern Money “. OpenCulture.com, 12.

—–, —–. 2013. “Modern Money & Public Purpose 5: Constitutional History ”. Presentation at seminar, “Money, Democracy and the Constitution: Revolutionary Experience in the United States”. Modern Money Network, 16 Mar 2013.

—–, —–. 2017. “The Dollar as a Democratic Medium: Making Money a Currency of Social Justice ”. HLS Thinks Big, 23 May 2017.

Dietz, Rob, Herman Daly, and Dan O’Neill. 2019. Enough is enough: Building a sustainable economy in a world of finite resources. Video.

Funny Money. 2023. “Decolonizing International Economy: Featuring Fadhel Kabou“. Funny Money YouTube Channel, 25 Aug 2023.

Graeber, David. 2017. “Where Did Money Really Come From? ”. YouTube, 17 Oct 2017.

Grant, Victoria. “12 year old child reveals one of the best kept secrets in the world”. Public Banking Institute, 5 May 2013.

Horwath, Mike & Oswald, Michael. 2012. “97% Owned – Economic Truth documentary – How is Money Created “. Documentary. Independent POV. YouTube, May 1 2012.

Huber, Joseph. 2018. “Vollgeld – Yes, Implementing a Sovereign Money System“. Presentation at “Our Money, Our Banks, Our Country – Money Creation in the Modern Economy” conference by The Monetary Institute, Zürich, February 2018. The Monetary Institute on YouTube, 23 April 2018.

Kamp, Diane & Dave Zollinger. 2008. “Stephen Zarlenga Talks About the Lost Science of Money”. Demcracy’s Edge talk radio. 48m31s. Internet Archive, 20 Oct 2008.

Klein, Manuel et al. 2018. “The Future of Money – 10 years after Lehman and Nakamoto” (Conference). Conference videos and papers. Berlin, Germany: Monetative, 24 Nov 2018.

Kotlikoff, Larry. 2018. “Why I Support Sovereign Money“. Presentation at “Our Money, Our Banks, Our Country – Money Creation in the Modern Economy” conference by The Monetary Institute, Zürich, February 2018. The Monetary Institute on YouTube, 23 April 2018.

Kumhof, Micheal. 2013. “The Chicago Plan Revisited “. London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 22 Nov 2013.

Kuypers, Stef. 2019. Money, behavior and society: T he invisible link. TEDxAntwerp, Nov 2019.

Monetary Institute. Collection of Presentations. From “Our Money, Our Banks, Our Country – Money Creation in the Modern Economy” conference by the Monetary Institute, Zürich, February 2018. The Monetary Institute on YouTube.

Niepelt, Dirk & Rimkus, Ron. 2016. “Contemplating the End of Fractional Reserve Banking in Switzerland”. CFA Institute.

Orrrefur, Samuel K. et al (Eds). 2019. “The Future of Money: Central Bank Digital Currency and Beyond “. Conference videos. Stockholm: Positiva Pengar, 15 June 2019.

Oswald, Michael. 2014. “Princes of the Yen: Central Banks and the Transformation of the Economy”. Documentary. Independent POV. YouTube, 4 Nov 2014.

Oxley, James. 2014. “Money creation in the modern economy – Quarterly Bulletin Article”. Bank of England on YouTube, 12 Mar 2014.

—–, —–. 2014. “Money in the modern economy: An introduction – Quarterly Bulletin Article”. Bank of England on YouTube, 12 Mar 2014.

Permanent Commission on Finance. 2015. “Round table conversation on the money system“. Hearing at the Permanent Commission on Finance of the Second Chamber of the States General of the Netherlands. Troelstra Hall. 14 Oct 2015.

Public Banking Institute. Collection of Videos. Argusfest on YouTube.

Reiss, Michael. 2012. “Money… How It Works”. Unconventional Economics YouTube Channel, 22 dec 2012.

Rosenblith, Alan (Dir). 2012. “The Money Fix – A Documentary for Monetary Reform ”.

Schasfoort, Joeri. 2020. “How Commercial Banks Really Create Money (the Money Multiplier is a MYTH)”. Money & Macro YouTube Channel, 28 Mar 2020.

—–, —–. 2020. “The Monetary Financial System Visually Explained“. Money & Macro YouTube Channel, 9 Dec 2020.

—–, —–. 2021. “Why Private Bank Money Creation is Dangerous”. Money & Macro YouTube Channel, 27 Jan 2021.

Schularick, Moritz. 2021. “Central Bank Balance Sheets and the Macroeconomy: 1587-2020“. Paris School of Economics YouTube channel, 31 May 2021.

Tily, Geoff. 2016. “Academics and civil society clash on money“. Policy Research in Macroeconomics, 18 July 2016.

Titus, John. 2019. “Mommy, Where Does Money Come From? A Discussion of Professor Richard Werner’s Paper“. BestEvidence Channel on YouTube, 15 April 2019.

Still, Bill. 2013. “Jekyll Island: The Truth Behind The Federal Reserve“. YouTube, 7 April 2018.

Vollgeld Initiative & Studierende für die Freiheit & Hayek Club. 2017. “Monetary reform and the future of money”. Panel discussion at the University of Zürich.

Vrabel, Damon. 2012. “Renaissance 2.0 – the Rise of Financial Empire”. csper.org, 9 Jan 2012.

—–, —–. 2012. ”Debunking Money – The Way the World Really Works”. csper.org, 10 Jan 2012.

Werner, Richard. 2015. “A Prosperous Future Together”. Dialogues of Civilizations. Rhodes Forum 2015. Dialogues of Civilizations YouTube Channel, 23 Dec 2015.

—–, —–. 2018. “Today’s Source of Money Creation“. Presentation at “Our Money, Our Banks, Our Country – Money Creation in the Modern Economy” conference by The Monetary Institute, Zürich, February 2018. The Monetary Institute on YouTube, 23 April 2018.

Wortmann, Edgar. 2015. “Verkenning van de monetaire werkelijkheid [Exploring Monetary Reality]”. In English. Presentation at the University of Leiden. In two parts. (part 1); (part 2).

Wolf, Martin. 2014. “Stop banks from creating money“. Presentation at “Does Money Grow on Trees?” event, 9 Sept 2014. Positive Money on YouTube, 14 Oct 2014.

—–, —–. 2014. “On Radical Reform for the Global Financial System“. Presentation at the New York Council on Foreign Relations, 17 Oct 2014. Council on Foreign Relations on YouTube, 17 Oct 2014.

—–, —–. 2014. “Case for Radical Monetary Refrom“. Keynote speech at “Bridging Theory and Practice” conference organized by the Sustainable Finance Lab, Amsterdam, 14 Dec 2016. Sustainable Finance Lab on YouTube, 16 Oct 2018. (Accompanying slides)

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